Cladding waveguide gratings in standard single-mode fiber for 3D shape sensing

Waltermann, Christian; Doering, Alexander; Köhring, Michael; Angelmahr, Martin; Schade, Wolfgang

doi:10.1364/ol.40.003109

Cited by 81 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Various fiber-sensing systems have been analyzed for applications as direction-sensitive bending sensors. Most of these sensor systems employ some form of fiber grating, including long period gratings [1], cladding waveguide gratings [2], and fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fiber (MCF) [3]. Whereas these and other grating-based systems have been shown to be able to measure bending and distinguish multiple directions, writing gratings into multiple cores or the cladding of an optical fiber requires complicated fabrication techniques.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the combined MCF and PL device can be multiplexed for multiple point measurements by connecting the LP 01 SMF of one device to the next input SMF in a chain, enabling the reconstruction of the full 3D shape of the fiber using the remaining five modes of each device. A similar mutliplexing technique was recently used with fiber Bragg gratings in cladding waveguides of a fiber [2]. However, this method requires a spectrometer, whereas the MCF with PL approach requires only a powermeter as the interrogation system, and has orders of magnitude higher sensitivity than the grating approach.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Bending sensor combining multicore fiber with a mode-selective photonic lantern

et al. 2015

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A bending sensor is demonstrated using the combination of a mode-selective photonic lantern (PL) and a multicore fiber. A short section of three-core fiber with strongly coupled cores is used as the bend sensitive element. The supermodes of this fiber are highly sensitive to the refractive index profiles of the cores. Small bend-induced changes result in drastic changes of the supermodes, their excitation, and interference. The multicore fiber is spliced to a few-mode fiber and excites bend dependent amounts of each of the six linearly polarized (LP) modes guided in the few-mode fiber. A mode selective PL is then used to demultiplex the modes of the few-mode fiber. Relative power measurements at the single-mode PL output ports reveal a high sensitivity to bending curvature and differential power distributions according to bending direction, without the need for spectral measurements. High direction sensitivity is demonstrated experimentally as well as in numerical simulations. Relative power shifts of up to 80% have been measured at radii of approximately 20 cm, and good sensitivity was observed with radii as large as 10 m, making this sensing system useful for applications requiring both large and small curvature measurements.

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confidence: 99%

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Bending sensor combining multicore fiber with a mode-selective photonic lantern

et al. 2015

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“…Because of its powerful capabilities, other types of microstructures can be micromachined directly onto the fibers. For example, multiple cores with individual FBGs can be created directly using only the femtosecond laser on an SMF [99]. In this scenario, other waveguides can be created in the cladding by the laser, and FBGs are inscribed on the core simultaneously.…”

Section: Fabrication Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Smart Optical Fibers: Materials, Fabrication, and Sensing Applications

et al. 2019

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This paper presents a review of the development of optical fibers made of multiple materials, particularly including silica glass, soft glass, polymers, hydrogels, biomaterials, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and Polyperfluoro-Butenylvinyleth (CYTOP). The properties of the materials are discussed according to their various applications. Typical fabrication techniques for specialty optical fibers based on these materials are introduced, which are mainly focused on extrusion, drilling, and stacking methods depending on the materials' thermal properties. Microstructures render multiple functions of optical fibers and bring more flexibility in fiber design and device fabrication. In particular, micro-structured optical fibers made from different types of materials are reviewed. The sensing capability of optical fibers enables smart monitoring. Widely used techniques to develop fiber sensors, i.e., fiber Bragg grating and interferometry, are discussed in terms of sensing principles and fabrication methods. Lastly, sensing applications in oil/gas, optofluidics, and particularly healthcare monitoring using specialty optical fibers are demonstrated. In comparison with conventional silica-glass single-mode fiber, state-of-the-art specialty optical fibers provide promising prospects in sensing applications due to flexible choices in materials and microstructures.

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“…The lack of MCF advancement and the need for costly customised components have encouraged the use of femtosecond laser for direct point-by point writing of waveguides into the cladding of SSMFs. This has led to the development of single fibres with cladding waveguides (CWGs) and FBGs [70,115]. Techniques for the fabrication of optical waveguides are comprehensively reviewed in [116].…”

Section: Single Fibres With Cladding Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the CWGs for FOSS require further research and development for reproductively and improvement of the sensors' fidelity [18]. Figure 17a illustrates the shape measurement technique using single fibre with CWGs [115]. Figure 17b shows a 3D FOSS fiber with CWGs measuring a bending radius of 2.5 cm.…”

Section: Single Fibres With Cladding Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in fibre optic shape sensing

et al. 2018

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This paper presents a comprehensive critical review of technologies used in the development of fibre optic shape sensors (FOSSs). Their operation is based on multi-dimensional bend measurements using a series of fibre optic sensors. Optical fibre sensors have experienced tremendous growth from simple bend sensors in 1980s to full three-dimensional FOSSs using multicore fibres in recent years. Following a short review of conventional contact-based shape sensor technologies, the evolution trend and sensing principles of FOSSs are presented. This paper identifies the major optical fibre technologies used for shape sensing and provides an account of the challenges and emerging applications of FOSSs in various industries such as medical robotics, industrial robotics, aerospace and mining industry.

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Cladding waveguide gratings in standard single-mode fiber for 3D shape sensing

Cited by 81 publications

References 13 publications

Bending sensor combining multicore fiber with a mode-selective photonic lantern

Bending sensor combining multicore fiber with a mode-selective photonic lantern

Multifunctional Smart Optical Fibers: Materials, Fabrication, and Sensing Applications

Recent developments in fibre optic shape sensing

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