Cl2 deposition on soil matrices

Hearn, J.; Eichler, Jeffery; Hare, C. J.; Henley, Michael V.

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.046

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Limited deposition experiments were carried out as part of JR I and a few results of the analysis of these data and some laboratory data have been presented. [57][58][59] As part of the 2011-2015 planning for JR II, a chemical reactivity and deposition working group was set up, led by John Hearn and composed of international deposition experts such as Bruce Hicks (e.g., see Wesely and Hicks, 60 ). Hicks also contributed detailed discussions on the topic of reactivity and deposition in the DHS-sponsored Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) knowledge gap analysis.…”

Section: Removal Processes (Deposition and Chemical Reactions)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Dillon 56 comprehensive review of deposition modeling approaches and evaluation histories for dense TIC plumes has been very useful. Limited deposition experiments were carried out as part of JR I and a few results of the analysis of these data and some laboratory data have been presented 57–59 . As part of the 2011–2015 planning for JR II, a chemical reactivity and deposition working group was set up, led by John Hearn and composed of international deposition experts such as Bruce Hicks (e.g., see Wesely and Hicks, 60 ).…”

Section: Model For Transport and Dispersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gaps in toxic industrial chemical model systems: Improvements and changes over past 10 years

Hanna¹,

Mazzola

Chang

et al. 2021

Process Safety Progress

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To assess the hazards of the releases of toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) to the atmosphere, comprehensive model systems are often used, which begin with the scenario definition and end with an estimate of health risk. In 2008 and 2010, the US Department of Homeland Security and Defense Threat Reduction Agency sponsored reports that identified knowledge gaps in TIC modeling. The current paper discusses which of the knowledge gaps were satisfactorily resolved in the past 10 years by new theoretical and experimental research, such as the 2010 and 2015-2016 Jack Rabbit field experiments. For example, the linked source emissions and transport and dispersion (T&D) models have been shown, in comparisons with Jack Rabbit II observations, to not have large mean biases. Consequently, the T&D models are less likely to be the cause of model system overpredictions of casualties observed after large TIC accidental releases, such as the Festus, Macdona, and Graniteville chlorine railcar incidents. It may be that the deposition models and/or the health effects models still need improvement. In addition to comments on the knowledge gaps identified 10 years ago, a few new knowledge gaps are addressed, such as indoor T&D and deposition, and estimating the magnitude of the saturation deposition value for various substrates and chemicals. K E Y W O R D S anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, dense gas dispersion, hazards analysis, health risk, Jack Rabbit II field experiment, TIC 1 | INTRODUCTION There are hazards to the public due to the releases of toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) to the atmosphere as a result of accidents or intentional acts. After several incidents in the 1990s and 2000s, the US Department of Homeland Security/Chemical Security Analysis Center (DHS/CSAC) and the US Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) mounted a series of reviews, research initiatives, and laboratory and field studies to improve our knowledge of the characteristics of TICs released to the atmosphere, and to further develop and test improved models of the transport and dispersion (T&D) of TICs. Rankings were developed of the TICs posing the most risk. The rankings were based on factors such as mass of material stored and/or transported, superheat (difference between ambient temperature and boiling point of TIC), and concentration or dosage at which health effects occur.TICs such as chlorine, anhydrous ammonia, and sulfur dioxide were

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Section: Removal Processes (Deposition and Chemical Reactions)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Model For Transport and Dispersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaps in toxic industrial chemical model systems: Improvements and changes over past 10 years

Hanna¹,

Mazzola

Chang

et al. 2021

Process Safety Progress

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The role of deposition as a removal mechanism, especially dry deposition and reactions with soil-based acids for highly reactive dense gases such as Cl 2 , is an emerging area of research and large focus of the Jack Rabbit I experiment (see Hearn et al, 2012; Hearn et al, 2013; Hanna et al, 2012; Bauer, 2013 among others). A multitude of sensors and prepared artificial deposition matrices surrounding the release site are utilized to analyze the dispersion, transport and interaction of Cl2 and other gases post-release.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of an irritant gas plume model for epidemiologic study

Jani

Wilson

Wickliffe

et al. 2017

International Journal of Environmental Health Research

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Previously, we reported the development of a Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC) plume dispersion model of the 2005 Graniteville, South Carolina, USA accidental release of chlorine (Jani et al, 2016). Here, we assess this model by spatial and statistical comparison with post-incident observed environmental indicators of exposure and other types of observations. Spatial agreement was found when the model was compared to phytotoxic bleaching and corrosion events observed in 2 km radius around the release site. When spatially compared to locations of injured or killed animals, model predictions of the plume footprint were in relatively good agreement. Model-predicted human casualties differed from observed casualty counts primarily due to the shielding effect of buildings. A statistical comparison of observed dog health outcome-derived exposure versus model predicted exposure showed relatively good agreement, particularly when a sub-cohort of indoor dogs was excluded. Evaluation and assessment of the building infiltration effect would further improve the model prior to application in epidemiologic study.

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Quantifying the mass discharge rate of flashing two phase releases through simple holes to the atmosphere

Spicer

Miller

2018

Process Safety Progress

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Many toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) such as chlorine and ammonia are stored as liquids at ambient temperature which flash when released to atmospheric pressure. Sponsored by the Chemical Security Analysis Center (CSAC) of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) of the U.S. Department of Defense, and Transport Canada, the Jack Rabbit II tests were designed to release liquid chlorine at ambient temperature in quantities of 4,500–18,000 kg (5 to 20 T) to quantify the hazards of catastrophic release at scales represented by rail and truck transport vessels. All trials were conducted releasing chlorine through a 15.2 cm (6 in) circular breach in the 9,100 kg (10 T) capacity test vessel (disseminator) at different orientations (vertically downward, 45° below horizontal, and vertically up). A final 18,000 kg (20 T) release was made vertically downward using a truck vessel. This article analyzes disseminator load cell data to determine the mass release rate. Along with this data, previously published data are also considered to quantify the impact on release rate of flash fraction and superheat limit temperature for various materials. This work develops a general approach to quantifying the mass release rate of flashing two phase releases of TICs and other flashing liquids such as cryogenics. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Process Saf Prog 37:382–396, 2018

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Cl2 deposition on soil matrices

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Gaps in toxic industrial chemical model systems: Improvements and changes over past 10 years

Gaps in toxic industrial chemical model systems: Improvements and changes over past 10 years

Assessment of an irritant gas plume model for epidemiologic study

Quantifying the mass discharge rate of flashing two phase releases through simple holes to the atmosphere

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