City vs Country: The demise of the brewing industry in country New South Wales, c .1898-1932

Ebb and flow: Structural and spatial change in Victoria's brewing industry, 1870–1900

“…This is because tariff protections discouraged incursions into other colonies such that each colony effectively operated as a distinct market. The paper's focus on Victoria also complements existing research on New South Wales and Sydney (Hughes, 1998;Stubbs, 1999Stubbs, , 2000.…”

“…These declines were again sharper amongst regional brewers. 3 In colonial New South Wales, Stubbs (2000) attributed differences in productivity levels to the small, dispersed population. This tended to limit brewers' markets, particularly in remote areas.…”

“…The brewing industry in Australia (Argent, 2018;Linge, 1979;Merrett, 1998;Sammartino, 2018;Stubbs, 1999Stubbs, , 2000 and internationally (Hawkins & Pass, 1979;McLaughlin et al, 2014;Vaizey, 1960) has undergone profound structural and spatial change over the last 150 years.…”

Maintaining the Power of Central Governments

“…But, due to insuffi cient evidence, he does not accept generalisation of this observation across the other systems and times. 35 Consistent with Blainey's vew, Stubbs (2000) shows how rail access to regional markets enabled the larger metropolitan breweries to expand at the expense of regional breweries while the latter gained little advantage from railway transport. 36 From a regional perspective, the point is that both regional and national railway systems helped metropolitan industry to develop regional and national markets.…”

“…35 Consistent with Blainey's vew, Stubbs (2000) shows how rail access to regional markets enabled the larger metropolitan breweries to expand at the expense of regional breweries while the latter gained little advantage from railway transport. 36 From a regional perspective, the point is that both regional and national railway systems helped metropolitan industry to develop regional and national markets. However, the railways did not enable regional industry to develop equivalent markets, other than through the commercial services of the cities.…”