Citrullinated fibrinogen shows defects in FPA and FPB release and fibrin polymerization catalyzed by thrombin

A Citrullinated Fibrinogen-Specific T Cell Line Enhances Autoimmune Arthritis in a Mouse Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…band tended to increase in intensity as disease progressed. These results are similar to human studies wherein α-and β-chains display the highest levels of citrullination, and the γ-chain and fibrinogen degradation products and/or peptides are weakly citrullinated (14, 23, 39–41). …”

Citrullination enhances the pro-inflammatory response to fibrin in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts

“…In the same way, citrullinated vimentin was shown recently to activate proliferation and expression of RANKL in synovial fibroblasts, whereas the native protein did not 43. The increase in fibrin-evoked responses found with its modification by PAD could derive from changes in the affinity to the TLR4 binding region44 45 or from a higher resistance of the modified protein to plasmin cleavage, since both mechanisms have been described 19 46…”

Neuronal PAD4 expression and protein citrullination: Possible role in production of autoantibodies associated with neurodegenerative disease

“…Given this seemingly global expression of PADs, some of which is apparently independent of disease states, it is likely that citrullinated proteins have many hitherto unknown non-pathological roles [2,5,36]. For example, citrullinated chemoattractants have been shown to reduce the extravasation of leukocytes as the citrullinated form of chemoattractants is unable to attract neutrophils [5,40e42] and citrullinated fibrinogen influences coagulation [43,44]. However, there are also many known pathological implications of citrullinated proteins other than RA.…”