Our results suggest that fibrin mediates inflammatory responses in RASF via a TLR4 pathway. In this way, fibrin and particularly its citrullinated form may contribute to sustain the cytokine burst in RA.

Left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium in the absence of coronary sinus is an anomaly that can appear in heterotaxy syndrome and unroofed coronary sinus syndrome. Regardless of the origin of these syndromes, biventricular repair can be done through rerouting by intracardiac procedures or through disconnection-reconnection of the left superior vena cava to the right atrium or right superior vena cava by extracardiac procedures. Different techniques can be used for this purpose, each of which has its own advantages and limitations. Therefore, appropriate selection is necessary to obtain the best results for each patient, and many factors, such as patient anatomy, age, associated cardiomyopathies, etc., have to be considered. In this review, we focus on heterotaxy and unroofed coronary sinus syndromes, associated cardiomyopathies, the state-of-the-art in their surgical treatment and our results in a sample of 10 patients. Our experience highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis and specific selection of surgical technique for the management of biventricular repair in patients with left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium in the absence of coronary sinus.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection triggers various events from molecular to tissue level, which in turn is given by the intrinsic characteristics of each patient. Given the molecular diversity characteristic of each cellular phenotype, the possible cytopathic, tissue and clinical effects are difficult to predict, which determines the heterogeneity of COVID-19 symptoms. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV-2 on various cell types, focusing on the development of COVID-19, which in turn may lead, in some patients, to a persistence of symptoms after recovery from the disease, a condition known as long COVID. We describe the molecular mechanisms underlying virus-host interactions, including alterations in protein expression, intracellular signaling pathways, and immune responses. In particular, the article highlights the potential impact of these cytopathies on cellular function and clinical outcomes, such as immune dysregulation, neuropsychiatric disorders, and organ damage. The article concludes by discussing future directions for research and implications for the management and treatment of COVID-19 and long COVID.

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