Cirrhotic hepatocytes exhibit decreased TGFβ growth inhibition associated with downregulated Smad protein expression

TGF‐β Signaling in Neuronal Stem Cells

“…The TGF-β superfamily represents nearly 30 growth and differentiation factors that include TGF-βs, activin/inhibins, nodal/cripto and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) [17][18][19][20][21][22]. TGF-β signals are transmitted through two types of receptors (type I and type II), both of which are transmembrane serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinases [23][24][25].…”

TGF-β Signaling in Gastrointestinal Cancer Stem Cells

“…The principal function of TGF-is to serve as a *Address correspondence to this author at the Georgetown University, Medical/Dental Building, NW 212, 3900 Reservoir Road, N.W., Washington, DC 20007, USA; E-mail: lm229@georgetown.edu and lopamishra@yahoo.com mediator of the response to the multiple environmental signals that act on a cell at any given time [17]. The TGF-superfamily comprises nearly 30 growth and differentiation factors that include TGF-s, activin/inhibins, nodal/cripto and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) [18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

Transforming growth factor- signaling and ubiquitinators in cancer

“…Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling TGF-represents a large family of growth and differentiation factors that include activin/ inhibins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs; Moses & Serra 1996, Massague 1998, Sporn 1999, Hu et al 2001, Derynck & Zhang 2003, Lange et al 2004). These proteins mobilize complex signaling networks to regulate cellular differentiation, proliferation, motility, adhesion, and apoptosis.…”

“…Activation of the TGFreceptor complex by ligand binding results in the phosphorylation of type I receptors by the serine/threonine kinase activity of the type II receptor. R-Smads, such as Smad2 and Smad3, act as direct substrates of specific activated type I receptors, and are phosphorylated on the last two serines at the carboxyl terminus within a highly conserved SSXS motif (Moses & Serra 1996, Heldin et al 1997, Sporn 1999, Massague et al 2000, Hu et al 2001, Weinstein et al 2001, Derynck & Zhang 2003, Tang et al 2003b, Lange et al 2004). Regulation of RSmads by the receptor kinase confers specificity in this system.…”