Circulating S100β Protein Is Increased in Intrauterine Growth-Retarded Fetuses

Abstract

To determine whether S100␤, an acidic calcium-binding protein previously demonstrated as a reliable indicator of a brain lesion, could be helpful in the detection of brain distress in intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) fetuses, we studied, by a case-control study, the correlation between S100B protein and the degree of fetoplacental blood flow impairment. Maternal and umbilical blood samples and placental tissue specimens were collected at delivery from IUGR pregnancies with normal (n ϭ 10) or abnormal (n ϭ 10) umbilical artery Doppler findings and from 40 uncomplicated pregnancies. S100␤ protein levels were measured by means of a specific RIA, and flow velocimetry waveforms were recorded from uterine, umbilical, and fetal middle cerebral arteries. Overall mean S100␤ proteins in umbilical plasma levels were higher (p Ͻ 0.05) in IUGR patients (121.8 Ϯ 70.4 fmol/mL) than in control patients (54.7 Ϯ 21.9 fmol/mL). IUGR fetuses with redistribution of blood flow showed the higher concentration of the protein (163.7 Ϯ 55.2 fmol/mL).Fetal S100␤ concentrations correlated with middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (r ϭ Ϫ0.536, p Ͻ 0.03) and with umbilical artery pulsatility index to middle cerebral artery pulsatility index ratio (r ϭ 0.469, p Ͻ 0.03). No difference in the localization or intensity of S100␤ staining in the placental tissues or cord between uncomplicated and IUGR pregnancies was found. This study provides evidence that circulating S100␤ protein is increased in IUGR fetuses and correlates with cerebral hemodynamics, suggesting that it may represent an index of cerebral cell damage in the perinatal period. The S100 family of calcium-binding proteins, first isolated in 1965 by Moore (1) in a subcellular fraction from bovine brain, contains approximately 16 members, each of which exhibits a unique pattern of tissue-or cell type-specific expression. Although the distribution of these proteins is not restricted to the nervous system, the involvement of several members of this family in nervous system development, function, and disease has sparked new interest in these proteins. S100␤, one of the original two members of this family, is an acidic calcium-binding protein with a molecular weight of 21 kD. It is present extracellularly, intracellularly, and in the cytosol; its half-life is approximately 2 h, and it is mainly eliminated by the kidney (2). S100␤ is present in CNS and is concentrated in the glial cells, astrocytes, Schwann cells, and neurons. It regulates several cellular functions (cell-cell communication, cell growth, cell structure, energy metabolism, contraction, and intracellular signal transduction). Elevated plasma levels are found in patients with brain damage (3). Abnormal S100␤ levels have been associated with neurobehavioral abnormalities and microcephaly caused by in utero cocaine exposure (4), and abnormal S100␤ immunoreactivity cells in anencephalic fetuses have been shown (5).The S100␤ concentration in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid is increased as result of brain damage in adults a...

Serum S100B in Pregnancy-Related Hypertensive Disorders: A Case–Control Study

“…Recent evidence suggests that extracerebral sources may also influence serum S100B (21 ), although usually in a minor way. Moreover, S100B production by the fetus could also be feasibly playing a role in our findings because concentrations of the protein are known to be quite high in cord blood compared with those found in adult serum (22,23 ).…”

Diagnostic Value of S100B Protein in Critical Conditions

“…Первая работа показала при сутствие S100B в моче здоровых доношенных и недоношенных новорожденных и его корреляцию с гестационным возрастом (см. таблицу) [26,34]. Подобные исследования c определением уровня S100B в моче [27] были впоследствии выполнены у до ношенных и недоношенных новорожденных при повреждени ях мозга [12,20,24].…”

“…Было показано, что белок при сутствовал в амниотической жидкости при спинномозговой грыже [16], а также в случаях внутриутробной смерти, при этом амниотическая жидкость в норме не содержала S100B. В более поздних работах, проведенных с использованием более чувствительного радиоиммунометрического метода (с преде лом детекции 0,2 мкг/л против 1,5 мкг/л в более ранних рабо тах), приведены референсные значения S100B, коррелирую щие с гестационным возрастом, что позволило авторам обоснованно настаивать на нейротрофической роли белка [26]. Также имеются данные, что повышение концентрации S100B в амниотической жидкости может отражать внутриутробную инфекцию/воспаление, и не всегда связано с неврологически ми повреждениями у плода [16,35].…”

S100B Protein in Serum as a Prognostic Marker for Brain Injury in Term Newborn Infants with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy - New Strategy for Early Brain Damage

“…S100 in serum has been shown to be a possible marker of postperfusion cerebral injury after pediatric cardiac operations [53]. In preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage concentrations of S100 in blood were elevated, before a radiologic assessment of hemorrhage could be performed [54]. Circulating S100 protein was increased in IUGR fetuses and correlated with cerebral hemodynamics, suggesting that it may represent an index of cerebral cell damage in the perinatal period [54].…”

“…In preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage concentrations of S100 in blood were elevated, before a radiologic assessment of hemorrhage could be performed [54]. Circulating S100 protein was increased in IUGR fetuses and correlated with cerebral hemodynamics, suggesting that it may represent an index of cerebral cell damage in the perinatal period [54]. Elevated S100 in serum measured during the first 24 h after asphyxia has been shown to be associated with HIE in term infants [55].…”