Circulating long noncoding RNA, GAS5, as a novel biomarker for patients with atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide and has a significant impact on human health and substantial costs. Currently, there is a lack of accurate biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of AF. Moreover, the long-term efficacy of the catheter ablation in the AF is unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new biomarkers and treatment strategies for the mechanism-based AF. Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles released by nearly all types of cells. Since the AF would be linked to the changes of the atrial cells and their microenvironment, and the AF would strictly influence the exosomal non-coding RNAs (exo-ncRNAs) expression, which makes them as attractive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for the AF. Simultaneously, the exo-ncRNAs have been found to play an important role in the mechanisms of the AF and have potential therapeutic prospects. Although the role of the exo-ncRNAs in the AF is being actively investigated, the evidence is still limited. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus regarding the most appropriate approach for exosome isolation and characterization. In this article, we reviewed the new methodologies available for exosomes biogenesis, isolation, and characterization, and then discussed the mechanism of the AF and various levels and types of exosomes relevant to the AF, with the special emphasis on the exo-ncRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the mechanism-based AF.

Section: Long Non-coding Rnas In Afmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes and Exosomal Non-coding RNAs Are Novel Promises for the Mechanism-Based Diagnosis and Treatments of Atrial Fibrillation

Chen

Cheng

et al. 2021

“…Shi et al demonstrated that expression of lncRNA GAS5 was down-regulated in AF patients, which occurred before enlargement of the left atrium, indicating that it can be used as an early biomarker of AF. In addition, they also showed that patients with reduced expression of GAS5 have a higher probability of AF recurring after radio-frequency catheter ablation ( 97 ). To be able to predict the risk of stroke in AF patients, Zeng et al monitored AF patients and compared the levels of the lncRNA ANRIL (antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus) in the stroke group and a non-stroke group.…”

Section: Non-coding Rnas In Atrial Fibrillationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Exosomes and Their Cargos in the Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

Huang

Deng

et al. 2021

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common persistent arrhythmia, but the mechanism of AF has not been fully elucidated, and existing approaches to diagnosis and treatment face limitations. Recently, exosomes have attracted considerable interest in AF research due to their high stability, specificity and cell-targeting ability. The aim of this review is to summarize recent literature, analyze the advantages and limitations of exosomes, and to provide new ideas for their use in understanding the mechanism and improving the diagnosis and treatment of AF.

“…In terms of the heart, lncRNAs have been shown to be closely related to the occurrence of heart disease (7). For example, lncRNA GAS5 is identified to be downregulated in the serum of AF patients and shows a strong association with the progression and recurrence of AF (8). Another lncRNA LICPAR is also reported to promote the viability and proliferation of AFs and is involved in the progress of AF via modulating TGF-β/Smad pathway (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LncRNA TUG1 Regulates Proliferation of Cardiac Fibroblast via the miR-29b-3p/TGF-β1 Axis

Guo

Sun

Chen

et al. 2021

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a very common clinical arrhythmia, accompanied by the overproliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). This study aimed to investigate the role of the long non-coding RNA(lncRNA) taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) in the proliferation of CFs and further investigated its underlying mechanism.Methods: One hundred four paroxysmal AF patients and 94 healthy controls were recruited. Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) were applied to establish an AF cell model through treatment with angiotensin II (AngII). qRT-PCR was used for the measurement of gene levels. The cell proliferation was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). Luciferase reporter assay was performed for target gene analysis.Results: Elevated levels of TUG1 and low expression of miR-29b-3p were detected in the serum of AF patients compared with the healthy controls. Pearson's correlation analysis exhibited an inverse relationship between TUG1 and miR-29b-3p expression in AF patients (r = −7.106, p < 0.001). Knockdown of TUG1 inhibited AngII-induced CF proliferation. Taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) functions as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-29b-3p, and downregulation of miR-29b-3p reversed the role of TUG1 in CF proliferation. TGF-β1 is a direct target gene of miR-29b-3p.Conclusions: Long non-coding RNA taurine upregulated gene 1 is a key regulator in the occurrence of AF. Slicing TUG1 inhibits CF proliferation by regulating the miR-29b-3p/TGF-β1 axis.