Circadian rhythm sleep disorders

Abstract

Misalignment between endogenous circadian rhythms and the light/dark cycle can result in pathological disturbances in the form of erratic sleep timing (irregular sleep-wake rhythm), complete dissociation from the light/dark cycle (circadian rhythm sleep disorder, free-running type), delayed sleep timing (delayed sleep phase disorder), or advanced sleep timing (advanced sleep phase disorder). Whereas these four conditions are thought to involve predominantly intrinsic mechanisms, circadian dysrhythmias can also be induced by exogenous challenges, such as those imposed by extreme work schedules or rapid transmeridian travel, which overwhelm the ability of the master clock to entrain with commensurate rapidity, and in turn impair approximation to a desired sleep schedule, as evidenced by the shift work and jet lag sleep disorders. This review will focus on etiological underpinnings, clinical assessments, and evidence-based treatment options for circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Topics are subcategorized when applicable, and if sufficient data exist. The length of text associated with each disorder reflects the abundance of associated literature, complexity of management, overlap of methods for assessment and treatment, and the expected prevalence of each condition within general medical practice.

Effects of Strength Training on Sleep Parameters of Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…In this context, the current study is perhaps the first conducted with adolescents, which contributes substantially to the current knowledge in this research field. Adolescence is a sensitive phase during which changes in the physiological systems responsible for regulating sleep (i.e., homeostatic and circadian systems) are observed, leading to sleep pattern modifications (i.e., difficulty in initiating sleep, quality, and quantity) (16,31). In this scenario, shorter sleep duration and inadequate sleep duration have commonly been associated with unhealthy outcomes such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus type II (5,10,14).…”