“…A domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges about 1 billion (10 9 ) ciprofloxacin resistant coliforms per minute. Total and ciprofloxacin resistant coliforms (CFU per day) discharged by WWTP in different countries [WWTP1-WWTP5, Portugal (PT); WWTP6, Poland (PL); WWTP7, Ireland (IE)], with different sizes (average day flow of 20 000, 32 500, 900, 890, 200, 96 000 and 49 000 m 3 , respectively) and treatment processes [activated sludge (WWTP1 and WWTP6), trickling filter (WWTP2), submerged aerated filter (WWTP3), aeration lagoon (WWTP4), anaerobic lagoon (WWTP5), unknown secondary treatment (WWTP7), with bacterial removal rates above of 1.5-4 log (CFU; Galvin et al, 2010;Łuczkiewicz et al, 2010;Manaia et al, 2010;. negative impacts of this procedure have been demonstrated and include the persistence of antimicrobial residues in water and fish and the selection and spread of resistance genes, with the consequent contamination of the environment and the human foodchain (Sørum, 1998;Cabello, 2006;Taylor et al, 2011;Tamminen et al, 2011).…”