Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Titanium Nanotubes Coated with Chitosan: A Promising Formulation with Sustained Release and Enhanced Antibacterial Properties

Abstract

Due to their high entrapment efficiency, anodized titanium nanotubes (TiO2-NTs) are considered effective reservoirs for loading/releasing strong antibiotics whose systemic administration is associated with diverse and severe side-effects. In this study, TiO2-NTs were synthesized by anodic oxidation of titanium foils, and the effects of electrolyte percentage and viscosity on their dimensions were evaluated. It was found that as the water content increased from 15 to 30%, the wall thickness, length, and inner diameter of the NTs increase from 5.9 to 15.8 nm, 1.56 to 3.21 µm, and 59 to 84 nm, respectively. Ciprofloxacin, a highly potent antibiotic, was loaded into TiO2-NTs with a high encapsulation efficiency of 93%, followed by coating with different chitosan layers to achieve a sustained release profile. The prepared formulations were characterized by various techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and contact measurement. In vitro release studies showed that the higher the chitosan layer count, the more sustained the release. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the formulation against two endodontic species from Peptostreptococcus and Fusobacterium revealed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1 µg/mL for the former and the latter. To summarize, this study demonstrated that TiO2-NTs are promising reservoirs for drug loading, and that the chitosan coating provides not only a sustained release profile, but also a synergistic antibacterial effect.

RETRACTED: Analysis of Conocurvone, Ganoderic acid A and Oleuropein molecules against the main protease molecule of COVID-19 by in silico approaches: Molecular dynamics docking studies

“…Ganoderic acid gets to hydrogen bonds by Thr26, and Asn 142 in this protein ( Figure 9 ). Also, by examining active sites of protein, it was found hydrogen bonds generated by these two compounds inhibited the protein ( Figure 10 ) [ 29 , 30 , 37 , 38 ].

Figure 9 Investigation the hydrogen bonding of the studied compounds with the protein active site

Figure 10 The ratio of estimated ∆Gcovid/estimated target.

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“…The RMSF is solved by equation 2 [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] : Where “ r i ” is position of residue i, “r i ’ ” is position of atoms that consisted of residue i in frame x after superimposing with a reference frame, and “ t ref ” is reference frame time.…”

Multi-responsive chitosan-based hydrogels for controlled release of vincristine

“…A UV-Visible light spectrophotometer was utilized to measure the amount of free drug at 296 nm (UV-1700 PharmaSpec, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The following equation was employed to determine the EE% 60 . …”

“…The in vitro drug release of CS-g-gly and CMCS-g-gly was investigated with the membrane diffusion technique 60 . Following the determination of the EE%, the pellets were dried and placed in a dialysis bag (cellulose membrane, cut off 12 kD).…”

Multi-Responsive Chitosan-Based Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Vincristine: Design, Characterization, and Safety Evaluation

“…The following equation was employed to determine the EE % [23]. The in vitro drug release of CS-g-gly and CMCS-g-gly was investigated with the membrane diffusion technique [24]. Following the determination of the EE%, the pellets were dried and placed in a dialysis bag (cellulose membrane, cut off 12 kD).…”