“…They are proto-chordates with an innate immune system, including inflammatory humoral and cellular responses. An inflammatory response induced by LPS injection in the body wall of C. intestinalis is a well-established model for analysing regulator and effector inducible host defence molecules of the innate immune system, as shown for a type IX collagen-like , CAP-like (Bonura et al, 2010), MBL-like (Bonura et al, 2009), TNF␣-like Parrinello et al, 2010), galectin-like (Vizzini et al, 2012), peroxinectin (Vizzini et al, 2013a), Interleukins 17 (Vizzini et al, 2015a), the proPO-system Vizzini et al, 2015b) and TGF- (Vizzini et al, 2016). In addition, our group described the first LPS-induced APA mechanism in this species with an intronic polyadenylation signal within the first intron leading to the upregulation of a short variant (Ci8 short) of an annotated mRNA and the modification of the tissue localization of this transcript (Vizzini et al, 2013a).…”