Cinnamyl Isobutyrate Decreases Plasma Glucose Levels and Total Energy Intake from a Standardized Breakfast: A Randomized, Crossover Intervention

Abstract

ScopeCinnamon is associated with anti‐obesity effects, regulating food intake, improving plasma glucose levels and lipid profiles in vivo. In the present study, the impact of cinnamyl isobutyrate (CIB), one constituent of cinnamon, on ad libitum food intake from a standardized breakfast and outcome measures of hormonal regulation of appetite were investigated.Methods and resultsIn this randomized, short‐term crossover intervention study, a 75 g per 300 mL glucose solution solely (control) or supplemented with 0.45 mg CIB was administered to 26 healthy volunteers. Prior to and 2 h after receiving control or CIB treatment, subjective hunger perceptions were rated using a visual analog scale. Food intake from a standardized breakfast was assessed 2 h after treatments. Plasma peptide YY3–36, glucagon‐like‐peptide1, ghrelin, and serotonin as well as plasma glucose and insulin were measured in blood samples drawn at fasting and 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after treatment. CIB administration decreased total energy intake and delta area under curve plasma glucose by 4.64 ± 3.51% and 49.3 ± 18.5% compared to control treatment, respectively.ConclusionsCIB, administered at a 0.45 mg bolus in 75 g glucose–water solution, decreased ad libitum energy intake from a standardized breakfast and postprandial plasma glucose levels.

Identification of Cinnamaldehyde as Most Effective Fatty Acid Uptake Reducing Cinnamon-Derived Compound in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells Compared to Its Structural Analogues Cinnamyl Alcohol, Cinnamic Acid, and Cinnamyl Isobutyrate

“…The cinnamon compounds tested included CAL, the major constituent of cinnamon bark oil, as well as its structural analogues or potential metabolites formed in vivo, CALC, CAC, and the cinnamic ester CIB. CIB was recently demonstrated to have an effect on total energy intake in a short-term human intervention study …”

“…CIB was recently demonstrated to have an effect on total energy intake in a short-term human intervention study. 22 To investigate the intestinal cellular uptake of the cinnamon constituents tested, an in vitro transport study using a differentiated confluent Caco-2 cell monolayer as the model for the intestinal barrier was carried out in a first step. In general, recovery in apical and basolateral compartments was low, probably because of the high volatility of the test compounds.…”

“…CAL, a known potent TRPA1 agonist, has, therefore, been shown to play a role in TRPA1-dependent hormone secretion. − Besides CAL, it cannot be excluded that other cinnamon constituents have an effect on food intake. Cinnamyl isobutyrate (CIB), for instance, also occurring naturally in the essential oil of cinnamon bark in very low concentrations, decreased total energy intake from a standardized breakfast in moderately overweight men when administered in bolus amounts of 0.45 mg …”

“…19−21 Besides CAL, it cannot be excluded that other cinnamon constituents have an effect on food intake. Cinnamyl isobutyrate (CIB), for instance, also occurring naturally in the essential oil of cinnamon bark in very low concentrations, decreased total energy intake from a standardized breakfast in moderately overweight men when administered in bolus amounts of 0.45 mg. 22 Altogether, evidence suggests an impact of cinnamon and several of its constituents on mechanisms and pathways associated with lipid homeostasis. Although most of the aforementioned cinnamon compounds have been studied in more detail concerning long-term effects on the lipid metabolism after their absorption in the gut, not much is known regarding their short-term impact on intestinal lipid uptake.…”

A Critical Review on the Role of Food and Nutrition in the Energy Balance

“…Cinnamaldehyde is a compound found in cinnamon responsible for its particular flavor, which may improve metabolism owing to its reported hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects [136]. Two small randomized human clinical trials in healthy subjects showed that the acute ingestion of extracts of cinnamon (cinnamaldehyde [137] or cinnamyl isobutyrate, respectively [138]) increased energy expenditure (evaluated by indirect calorimetry) by~3.6 kcal over 90 min from ingestion [137] or reduced short-term energy intake by 4.6% [138], when compared to placebo. These changes are too small to be clinically relevant.…”