Ciliary ectosomes: transmissions from the cell's antenna

Wood, Christopher R.; Rosenbaum, Joel L.

doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.008

Cited by 131 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…We also have discussed how invaginating afferent dendrite filopodia, some forming synapses, in the inner hair cells of the cochlea appear to be degraded by autophagosomes in order to adjust the normal structural–functional arrangement of synapses in this area (Sobkowicz et al 1998). A related phenomenon may be the daily phagocytosis of distal membrane disks from the outer segment (dendrite end; a modified cilium) of vertebrate photoreceptor cells, by retinal pigment epithelium cells (reviewed in Wood and Rosenbaum 2015). Tao-Cheng et al (2009) show examples where the spinule becomes vesiculated (i.e., it appears to break into several vesicle-like portions) and suggest that such structures could become multivesicular bodies targeted for degradation by the receiving neuron.…”

Section: Structure and Function Of Invaginating Projectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paracrine communication often involves cell surface projections from the signaling cell. These projections can be very short and release vesicles called shedding vesicles or ectosomes (Cocucci et al 2009; Muralidharan-Chari et al 2009; Cocucci and Meldolesi 2015; ciliary ectosomes-Wood and Rosenbaum 2015), or they can form long filopodia that can make a direct contact with other associated cells in the local environment. Filopodia typically are thin cell processes, about 100–400 nm thick, with a core of actin, and vary in length from one to more than 200 μm (Kornberg and Roy 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure, Distribution, and Function of Neuronal/Synaptic Spinules and Related Invaginating Projections

et al. 2015

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Neurons and especially their synapses often project long thin processes that can invaginate neighboring neuronal or glial cells. These “invaginating projections” can occur in almost any combination of postsynaptic, presynaptic, and glial processes. Invaginating projections provide a precise mechanism for one neuron to communicate or exchange material exclusively at a highly localized site on another neuron, e.g., to regulate synaptic plasticity. The best-known types are postsynaptic projections called “spinules” that invaginate into presynaptic terminals. Spinules seem to be most prevalent at large very active synapses. Here, we present a comprehensive review of all kinds of invaginating projections associated with both neurons in general and more specifically with synapses; we describe them in all animals including simple, basal metazoans. These structures may have evolved into more elaborate structures in some higher animal groups exhibiting greater synaptic plasticity. In addition to classic spinules and filopodial invaginations, we describe a variety of lesser-known structures such as amphid microvilli, spinules in giant mossy terminals and en marron/brush synapses, the highly specialized fish retinal spinules, the trophospongium, capitate projections, and fly gnarls, as well as examples in which the entire presynaptic or postsynaptic process is invaginated. These various invaginating projections have evolved to modify the function of a particular synapse, or to channel an effect to one specific synapse or neuron, without affecting those nearby. We discuss how they function in membrane recycling, nourishment, and cell signaling and explore how they might change in aging and disease.

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Section: Structure and Function Of Invaginating Projectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure, Distribution, and Function of Neuronal/Synaptic Spinules and Related Invaginating Projections

et al. 2015

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“…In both C. elegans and mammals, the polycystins localize to cilia and ciliary extracellular vesicles, where they are thought to act in a signaling capacity (O'Hagan et al, 2014;Wood and Rosenbaum, 2015). In humans, abnormalities in polycystin trafficking or stability may underlie autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (Cai et al, 2014).…”

Section: Animal Models To Discover and Validate Molecular Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model Organisms in G Protein–Coupled Receptor Research

et al. 2015

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The study of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has benefited greatly from experimental approaches that interrogate their functions in controlled, artificial environments. Working in vitro, GPCR receptorologists discovered the basic biologic mechanisms by which GPCRs operate, including their eponymous capacity to couple to G proteins; their molecular makeup, including the famed serpentine transmembrane unit; and ultimately, their three-dimensional structure. Although the insights gained from working outside the native environments of GPCRs have allowed for the collection of low-noise data, such approaches cannot directly address a receptor's native (in vivo) functions. An in vivo approach can complement the rigor of in vitro approaches: as studied in model organisms, it imposes physiologic constraints on receptor action and thus allows investigators to deduce the most salient features of receptor function. Here, we briefly discuss specific examples in which model organisms have successfully contributed to the elucidation of signals controlled through GPCRs and other surface receptor systems. We list recent examples that have served either in the initial discovery of GPCR signaling concepts or in their fuller definition. Furthermore, we selectively highlight experimental advantages, shortcomings, and tools of each model organism.

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“…One is to function as a cellular motor to move either the cell itself or surrounding liquids/particles. The other function of cilia is to serve as a hub for cellular signaling (Ishikawa and Marshall, 2011;Mourão et al, 2016;Singla and Reiter, 2006;Wood and Rosenbaum, 2015). Defects in ciliary structures and functions in humans lead to diseases commonly referred to as 'ciliopathies', such as polycystic kidney disease, blindness, heterotaxy, BardetBiedl syndrome and skeletal abnormalities (Fliegauf et al, 2007;Gerdes et al, 2009;Hildebrandt et al, 2011;Hildebrandt and Zhou, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraflagellar transport protein IFT52 recruits IFT46 to the basal body and flagella

Wan

Täschner

et al. 2017

Journal of Cell Science

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Cilia are microtubule-based organelles and perform motile, sensing and signaling functions. The assembly and maintenance of cilia depend on intraflagellar transport (IFT). Besides ciliary localization, most IFT proteins accumulate at basal bodies. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of basal body targeting of IFT proteins. We first identified the possible basal body-targeting sequence in IFT46 by expressing IFT46 truncation constructs in an ift46-1 mutant. The C-terminal sequence between residues 246-321, termed BBTS3, was sufficient to target YFP to basal bodies in the ift46-1 strain. Interestingly, BBTS3 is also responsible for the ciliary targeting of IFT46. BBTS3::YFP moves bidirectionally in flagella and interacts with other IFT complex B (IFT-B) proteins. Using IFT and motor mutants, we show that the basal body localization of IFT46 depends on IFT52, but not on IFT81, IFT88, IFT122, FLA10 or DHC1b. IFT52 interacts with IFT46 through residues L285 and L286 of IFT46 and recruits it to basal bodies. Ectopic expression of the C-terminal domain of IFT52 in the nucleus resulted in accumulation of IFT46 in nuclei. These data suggest that IFT52 and IFT46 can preassemble as a complex in the cytoplasm, which is then targeted to basal bodies.

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Ciliary ectosomes: transmissions from the cell's antenna

Cited by 131 publications

References 123 publications

Structure, Distribution, and Function of Neuronal/Synaptic Spinules and Related Invaginating Projections

Structure, Distribution, and Function of Neuronal/Synaptic Spinules and Related Invaginating Projections

Model Organisms in G Protein–Coupled Receptor Research

Intraflagellar transport protein IFT52 recruits IFT46 to the basal body and flagella

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