Cigarette Smoking and Prematurity: Review

Goldstein, Hyman; Goldberg, Irving D.; Frazier, Todd M.; Davis, George E.

doi:10.2307/4592188

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Simpson (1957) reported a higher incidence of premature births (by weight) among smokers and since then an increasing number of workers have been able to show that when smokers and non-smokers are compared the smokers have the smaller babies (Lowe, 1959;Herriot, Billewicz, and Hytten, 1962;Savel and Roth, 1962;Jarvinen and Osterlund, 1963;Murdoch, 1963;O'Lane, 1963;Zabriskie, 1963;Baird, 1964;Yerushalmy, 1964;Butler, 1965;MacMahon, Alpert, and Salber, 1965;Ounsted, 1965;Peterson, Morese, and Kaltreider, 1965;Ravenholt and Levinski, 1965;Tanaka, 1965;Underwood, Hester, Laffitte, and Gregg, 1965;Abernathy, Greenberg, Wells, and Frazier, 1966;Downing and Chapman, 1966;Reinke and Henderson, 1966;Russell and others, 1966;Underwood, Kesler, O'Lane, and Callagan, 1967). There have also been many recent review articles also drawing attention to this difference (Goldberg, Foster, Segerson, and Baumeister, 1963;Apgar, 1964;Goldstein, Goldberg, Frazier, and Davis, 1964;Hirokawa, 1964;Kistner, 1964;Rosenbaum, 1964;Dawkins, 1965;Howren, 1965;Jonge, 1965;Jansson, 1966;Steele and Langworth, 1966). Questions of course remain.…”

Section: Research Assistant Computing Laboratory University Of Shefmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking in pregnancy, maternal blood pressure, pregnancy outcome, baby weight and growth, and other related factors. A prospective study.

Russell¹,

Taylor²,

Law³

1968

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

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In an interesting paper Campbell (1936), while welcoming the studies that were being concentrated on improving maternity care, drew attention to what he called "a more subtle and sinister condition", the "excessive smoking" which, during the previous two decades, had "clutched the young women of this country (America) in a manner resembling the invasion of an epidemic working in virgin soil". His paper, which was based on the conviction of his own observations, included his review of the literature and in particular a review of such experimental work as there was on the effect of nicotine or tobacco extracts. Campbell had also asked the members of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists for their opinion about the effect of smoking 25 cigarettes or more daily on maternal health and he quoted some of the interesting replies he received, the great majority of which supported his beliefs that excessive smoking in pregnancy was harmful to the mother. There was no suggestion in his paper that smoking might also have an effect on the foetus.Since then smoking in pregnancy has received spasmodic attention. A few workers have presented evidence to suggest that smoking may prevent a successful outcome to the pregnancy (Frazier, Davis, Goldstein, and Goldberg, 1961;Zabriskie, 1963;Butler, 1965;Russell, Taylor, and Maddison, 1966;Steele and Langworth, 1966)

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Section: Research Assistant Computing Laboratory University Of Shefmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking in pregnancy, maternal blood pressure, pregnancy outcome, baby weight and growth, and other related factors. A prospective study.

Russell¹,

Taylor²,

Law³

1968

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

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“…Frazier et al, 1961;Yerushalmy, 1964;Reinke & Henderson, 1966;Rimell et al, 1966Rimell et al, , 1968. The main findings about prematurity rate and the reduction in birth weight have been made both in retrospective and prospective studies, which show that the bias of a retrospective study is small concerning the information whether or not the woman smoked during the pregnancy, as was pointed out by Goldstein et al (1964) in their review. Probably, retrospective studies provide less accurate information about the amounts actually smoked during different parts of the pregnancy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Since Simpson (1957) first reported on a connection between smoking habits during pregnancy and prematurity, a considerable number of papers have been published on this subject, reviewed by, among others, Goldstein et al (1964), Russell et al (1968), and Terris & Gold (1969). The mode of collection of the data has varied in different studies and different aspects of the pregnancies and their outcome have been studied.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Prospective Study of Smoking and Pregnancy

Kullander

Källén

1971

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand

161

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A prospective study was performed on the effect of smoking on pregnancy, using information from 6 363 pregnancies with known smoking habits. Of these, 2806 (44%) smoked during pregnancy, and 2731 (97%) of the 2 806 reported that they smoked during the whole pregnancy. The well‐known effect on prematurity rate and mean birth weight was verified in this study. A 50% increase of prematurity rate was registered among smoking women compared with non‐smoking women. The mean birth weight reduction was 170 g among live‐born, non‐malformed children. These effects were found to occur irrespective of other variables studied: maternal age, parity, and whether the pregnancy was wanted. The body length, head circumference, and shoulder circumference were found to be reduced in children born to smoking women. Placental weight was also reduced, but the ratio placental weight over body weight increased with smoking. No effect on the malformation rate was observed, but the series is too small to exclude a teratogenic effect of smoking. Children were followed to 1 year of age. The death risk for a child of a smoking woman was found to be increased to 1.6 times that for a child of a non‐smoking woman. No significant difference in stillbirth rate was found, but an effect was found on neo‐natal death both before and after the age of 1 week, although only among non‐premature children. Among children dying before the age of 1 week, a significant increase in frequency of abruptio placentae was noted. No other specific cause of death was noted. An overall increased risk of spontaneous abortion among smoking women was verified; this was shown to be almost completely due to the association between the fact that the pregnancy was unwanted and smoking. An even higher incidence of smoking was seen among women with induced abortions. Spontaneous abortion is also associated with unwanted pregnancies, perhaps due to the presence of induced abortions among the group recorded as spontaneous abortions. Smoking was shown to be associated only with late spontaneous abortions. If there is an abortifacient effect of smoking, it must be very slight. The decreased rate of preeclamptic complications among smoking women, described by earlier authors, was verified. A similar decrease in frequency of morning sickness was also found. No effect of smoking on the mean Apgar score of surviving, non‐malformed children was seen. The sex ratio among children born to smoking women differed slightly from that born to non‐smoking women, but this difference was not statistically significant.

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“…1 O baixo peso ao nascer não representa, entretanto, o único efeito pernicioso do hábito de fumar durante o período da gestação. Villumsen, mencionado por Goldstein 10 , ao entrevistar 1.323 mulheres, em 1962, observou que aquelas que fumavam mais do que três cigarros por dia durante a gestação, apresentavam uma taxa de prematuridade significantemente maior (21,3%) do que mulheres que fumavam três ou menos cigarros (15,7%). Também em 1962, Herriot e col. 13 , controlando a variável nível sócio-econômico, relataram ser mais freqüente a prematuridade entre os recém-nascidos de mulheres fumantes.…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

“…8 A vasoconstrição, provocada pelo fumo, poderia ter também um efeito apreciável na nutrição fetal como conseqüência de uma diminuição do fornecimento do sangue que alcança os espaços intervilosos, reduzindo assim o teor de substâncias nutritivas e causando uma retenção de catabolitos, como sugere Goldstein. 10 De início, julgou-se que o efeito vasoconstritor da nicotina fosse o fator mais importante; atualmente, considera-se o monóxido de carbono do cigarro fator ainda mais comprometedor, já que a hemoglobina do sangue tem maior afinidade pelo monóxido de carbono do que pelo oxigênio. 7 Tem-se mencionado que uma alta concentração daquele tende a reduzir a capacidade de transportar o oxigênio do sangue, atuando como um agente teratogênico que aumenta o risco de mal desenvolvimento e de morte fetal.…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

Fumo durante a gestação: aspectos educativos de um problema comportamental

Candeias

1979

Rev. Saúde Pública

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Cigarette Smoking and Prematurity: Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 6 publications

Smoking in pregnancy, maternal blood pressure, pregnancy outcome, baby weight and growth, and other related factors. A prospective study.

Smoking in pregnancy, maternal blood pressure, pregnancy outcome, baby weight and growth, and other related factors. A prospective study.

A Prospective Study of Smoking and Pregnancy

Fumo durante a gestação: aspectos educativos de um problema comportamental

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