Chrysophanol Liposome Preconditioning Protects against Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Mice

Chrysophanol: a review of its pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics

“…Moreover, chrysophanol (0.1 mg/kg) could down‐regulate tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and nuclear factor kappa‐B p65 (NF‐κB p65) expression in male C57BL mice . In addition, chrysophanol inhibited neuronal apoptosis by inhibited activation of caspase‐3 in I/R mice . Latest research showed chrysophanol protected nerve cell by reducing neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress, including down‐regulating the expression of glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78), eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (p‐eIF2α), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase‐12, while increasing the level of inhibitor of NF‐κB‐α (IκB‐α) .…”

“…[10] In addition, chrysophanol inhibited neuronal apoptosis by inhibited activation of caspase-3 in I/R mice. [11] Latest research showed chrysophanol protected nerve cell by reducing neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress, including down-regulating the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (p-eIF2a), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12, while increasing the level of inhibitor of NF-jB-a (IjB-a). [12] Therefore, Wang et al [13] believed that chrysophanol could be used to treat traumatic brain injury.…”

Getting into the brain: liposome-based strategies for effective drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier

“…Moreover, when liposomes were associated with contrast agents, researchers observed that they quickly accumulated in the ischemic zone. 134,143,148,152,190 Some formulations have demonstrated their ability to improve in vivo activity of drugs, such as chrysophanol, 133 dexamethasone phosphate, 154 nerve growth factor, 170 Xe, 150,158 FK506, 149 isopropylidene-shikimic acid, 151 asialo-erythropoietin, 153 antisense oligonucleotides, 165 plasmids, 174 quercetin, 166,168 fasudil, 176 nitric oxide, 146 N-acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucine amide, 178 and a combination of synergistic drugs. 156,175 Very recently, a promising uncoupling new drug -ZL006 (5-(3, 5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid) -was developed for stroke treatment.…”

Lipid nanocarriers loaded with natural compounds: Potential new therapies for age related neurodegenerative diseases?

“…injection because of the ease of application and avoidance of the first pass effect (Ahmad et al, 2017(Ahmad et al, , 2016Blasina et al, 2015;Dhawan et al, 2011;Meng et al, 2015;Rivera et al, 2008;Sarkar and Das, 2006;Tsai et al, 2012;Ye et al, 2014). Other systemic administrations include: oral administration (Dang et al, 2014;Hagl et al, 2015;Huang et al, 2011;Kakkar and Kaur, 2011;Kakkar et al, 2013a, b;Kumar et al, 2016); intraperitoneal administration (i.p) (Galho et al, 2016;Isacchi et al, 2011;Puglia et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2015;Yan et al, 2014;Yusuf et al, 2013;Zhao et al, 2011) and transdermal administration (Hu et al, 2016;Shi et al, 2012).…”

“…PEGylation is a strategy widely used in nanotherapy and ARND nanotherapy is no exception, as additionally it has been documented that PEG coated NC may have increased affinity for the BBB endothelial cells in a brain that is normal (Brasnjevic et al, 2009). Therefore, many authors have used PEG as a stealth strategy in lipid NC containing natural compounds for brain delivery (Isacchi et al, 2011;Meng et al, 2015;Mourtas et al, 2011Mourtas et al, , 2014Phachonpai et al, 2010;Sood et al, 2014;Tong-un et al, 2010;Yan et al, 2014).…”