Chronophysiology of ruminant feeding behavior and metabolism: an evolutionary review

J Veterinar Sci Technol

2015

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shifting Eating Time Alters Rumen Dynamics in Once-daily Fed Dairy Cows

J Veterinar Sci Technol

2015

“…Ruminants as sophisticated working models for studying human metabolism possess adequately integrative systems ecology, serving postmodern investigations at gene, cell, organ and whole body levels [3][4][5]. Nocturnal vs. diurnal feed delivery to dairy cows can increase intake rate and postprandial rumen release of metabolites [4][5][6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease Closure through Opening Novel Chrono-Sciences: Bioprocessing of Intermediary Metabolism

2015

J Bioprocess Biotech

While deeply important, timing of nutrient intake and bioprocessing has been mostly overlooked in modern medical and nutritional sciences and public health policies. Glucose by humans is not well tolerated during evening and night times unlike morning and day time. From a chronophysiological standpoint, activity demands glucose and thus day -and not night -is the right time to bioprocess any glucose overflow [1,2]. This editorial authorizes a realistic recommendation to minimize evening and nocturnal eating and bioprocessing of especially sugars and starches to promote health through reducing risks from splanchnic and abdominal adiposity, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular abnormalities. The basis for such an advice includes the most recent discoveries on handling intermediary metabolism in sophisticated animal models.A more profound understanding of human physiology is enabled by optimal understanding of comparative animal physiology. Ruminants as sophisticated working models for studying human metabolism possess adequately integrative systems ecology, serving postmodern investigations at gene, cell, organ and whole body levels [3][4][5]. Nocturnal vs. diurnal feed delivery to dairy cows can increase intake rate and postprandial rumen release of metabolites [4][5][6]. Night feeding, also, improves milk energy production and nutrient utilization efficiency in dairy and beef ruminants [6,7]. These findings underline the biological significance of eating timing in orchestration of nutrient partitioning and metabolic health [8][9][10].The early morning glucose upsurge occurs usually in the expectation of the activity period and is called 'dawn-phenomenon'. This glucose peak along with a rise in corticosterone helps to elevate glucose supply and bioprocessing, which in turn raises insulin demands [7]. Reduced glucose tolerance overnight may partially be due to higher melatonin that basically originates from lower glucose bioprocesing capacity and needs of the night. Avoiding large evening and night food meals can allow human endocrinology to better cope with the external circadian environment towards improved nutrient bioprocessing and general health [11][12][13].The major philosophy is to help smoothly bioprocess and synchronize the internal rhythms of cell physiology with the shifting environment. Should effectively accomplished, this synchrony could largely ease brain and heart work and successfully reduce risks of metabolic disorders.In brief, animals of particularly livestock provide appropriate metabolic models for testing innovative hypotheses in human medicine and nutrition [11]. This is increasingly important as the postmodern man is facing complicated issues such as diabetes, various cancer and nervous system related diseases. Farm animals could open novel horizons into closing such rising health hurricanes. This is certainly a practical tool to bioprocess intermediary metabolism to improve health.

“…This cost may, however, be underestimated. when inappropriate feedstuffs or feeding strategies are used for; costs will rise because health and longevity are compromised.To meet nutrient requirements of a high-producing lactating cow or growing cattle at certain milk yield and body growth rate, accurate prediction of feed intake is a must [1][2][3][4]. This requires a profound insight into animal and non-animal factors affecting nutrient intake [3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Splanchnic Bioprocessing: An Innovative Philosophy of Intake Regulation in Ruminants vs. Nonruminants

2015

J Bioprocess Biotech

The objective of this perspective article was to describe splanchnic bioprocessing of substrates as a fundamental effector of nutrient intake regulation in ruminants. And how that compares with nonruminants? Feed costs constitute about half the total management investments in modern ruminant farms. This cost may, however, be underestimated. when inappropriate feedstuffs or feeding strategies are used for; costs will rise because health and longevity are compromised.To meet nutrient requirements of a high-producing lactating cow or growing cattle at certain milk yield and body growth rate, accurate prediction of feed intake is a must [1][2][3][4]. This requires a profound insight into animal and non-animal factors affecting nutrient intake [3]. The contribution of such factors to feed intake control in certain productive and environmental conditions must also be quantified. Many effectors of feed intake are still largely unknown. In addition, the magnitude of the somehow known factors needs more quantification and modification under varying production scenarios [4]. Therefore, reliable nutrient and feed intake prediction has been a difficult task in ruminants. Splanchnic differences in nutrient metabolism do exist between ruminants and nonruminants that greatly contribute to the different mechanisms controlling nutrient intake in ruminants. Ruminants indeed possess higher metabolic rate in portal and mesenteric derived viscera plus liver, when compared with nonruminants.Predicting feed intake is thus more exigent in ruminants than in nonruminants. A multitude of visceral variables such as rumen pH, osmolarity, and gastrointestinal outflow rate affect the extent and rate of nutrient utilization by rumen microbes. More critically, these variables interact with each other either positively, negatively, or additively. Nevertheless, measuring such interactions is difficult in vivo. Accurate predictions of feed intake require accurate forecast of the rumen conditions (e.g., pH, VFA and ammonia production, and microbial protein synthesis). Thus, expectedly what scientists plan to achieve in rumen, postrumen and the periphery using computerized feeding programs are not essentially realizable on farms. Differential visceral and splanchnic metabolism of substrates (i.e., turnover in portal drained viscera and liver) greatly contributes to such discrepancies.The intestinal nutrient digestion differs considerably in capacity and efficiency between ruminants and nonruminants [5]. Moreover, ruminant diets are highly fibrous and less starchy than nonruminant diets. As a result, ruminants have been expected to possibly not develop as a high small intestinal amylolytic capacity as nonruminants. When starchy diets especially containing hard cereal grains are fed, particularly in high-producing ruminants with high intake levels, the small intestine could host much partially-hydrolyzed or intact starch. Furthermore, the ruminant small intestine is debatably not capable to efficiently assimilate the starch overflow [6,7]. Furthermore...