Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of dietary administered ammonium sulfate in F344 rats

Ota, Yoshio; Hasumura, Mai; Okamura, Miwa; Takahashi, Atsuhiko; Ueda, Masataka; Oda, Hiroshi; Imai, Toshio; Mitsumori, Kunitoshi; Hirose, Misako

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2005.06.001

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…per day (373 mg ammonium/kg b.w. per day) for 104 weeks (Ota et al, 2006). Increased absolute and relative liver and kidney weights were only observed at the highest dose tested in male and female rats in the 52-week study.…”

Section: Repeat Dose Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…No increased incidence of neoplastic changes was observed in two chronic dietary studies on ammonium chloride (Lina and Kuijpers, 2004) and ammonium sulphate (Ota et al, 2006), with doses of ammonium up to approximately 370-400 mg/kg b.w. per day.…”

Section: Carcinogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…per day, equivalent to 153 and 350 mg ammonium/kg b.w. per day, respectively) (Ota et al, 2006). Chronic nephropathy is a common finding in aging rats, particularly in males, and its incidence and severity are exacerbated by many chemicals, therefore this effect is thus considered of low relevance for humans (Hard and Khan, 2004).…”

Section: Repeat Dose Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health risk of ammonium released from water filters

2012

EFS2

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The European Commission (EC) asked the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for scientific assistance regarding the possible impact on human health of exposure to ammonium released from water filter cartridges. EFSA was asked whether a level of ammonium between 0.5 mg/L and 5 mg/L in water poses a risk to human health when this water is consumed over a long period of time and in particular by certain vulnerable groups of the population. Ammonia is a naturally occurring compound and an important source of nitrogen for mammals. Large amounts (3-4 g per day, 43-57 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day for a 70 kg adult) of ammonium are produced in the gut and excess ammonium is metabolised in the liver and excreted in urine. For adults, the estimated exposure to ammonium in water within the specified concentration range (0.5-5 mg/L) would range from 0.014 mg/kg b.w. per day to 0.14 mg/kg b.w. per day and the estimated exposure would be slightly higher for infants and children. Considering the large amounts of endogenously produced ammonium compared to the exposure from water, it is concluded that additional exposure to ammonium from water at the specified range is negligible and does not pose a risk to human health, even for vulnerable groups. SUMMARYAmmonia (NH 3 ) is colourless gas that is highly soluble in water. In aqueous solutions, most (> 90 % below pH 8) of the ammonia is in the protonated form ammonium (NH 4 + ) under equilibrium.In the environment ammonia originates from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Ammonia is an important source of nitrogen for mammals in the synthesis of amino acids, DNA, RNA and proteins. It is naturally present in different foods and is also produced endogenously in all mammalian species. For ammonium in drinking water, an indicator parameter of 0.50 mg/L has been laid down in the European Union legislation.The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission (EC) for scientific assistance regarding the possible impact on human health due to exposure of ammonium released from water filters. Water filter cartridges are typically used by consumers in the home to filter their tap water prior to consumption. EFSA was asked whether a level of ammonium between 0.5 mg/L and 5 mg/L in water poses a risk to human health when this water is consumed over a long period of time and in particular by certain vulnerable groups of the population.Based on the available information from one of the water filter manufacturers, ammonium is formed in the water filter cartridges during a steam sterilisation step at the end of their manufacturing process. This ammonium is released during the filtration of tap water.The available information on ammonium concentrations released from water filters is very limited and therefore considered only indicative. However, the available data from one water filter company suggest that the average ammonium concentrations are expected to be well below 0.5 mg/L during the service life of the water filter cartridge.Following oral expos...

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Section: Repeat Dose Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Carcinogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health risk of ammonium released from water filters

2012

EFS2

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“…There was no treatment-related effect on survival rate, food intake, body weights, and haematological, serum biochemical or histopathological parameters. The authors concluded that the NOAEL of ammonium sulphate was at 0.6% (equivalent to 256 mg/kg bw per day in males and 284 mg/kg bw per day in females) (Ota et al, 2006).…”

Section: Adme -Sulphatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ammonium sulphate did not exert any significant influence on survival and incidences of tumours in any of the organs and tissues examined. The doses of 1%, 5% and 3% increased the number of males with nephropathy at 104 weeks (Ota et al, 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific opinion on the evaluation of substances as acceptable previous cargoes for edible fats and oils

Knutsen¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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Shipping of edible fats and oils into Europe is permitted in bulk tanks, provided that the previous cargo is included in a positive list. The European Commission requested EFSA to evaluate the acceptability as previous cargoes for fats and oils the substances calcium lignosulphonate, methyl acetate, ethyl tertbutyl ether (ETBE) and ammonium sulphate. The evaluation was based on the same criteria as those used for the evaluation of the substances currently on the list in the Annex to Commission Directive 96/ 3/EC as acceptable previous cargoes for edible fats and oils. Methyl acetate and ETBE meet the criteria for acceptability as previous cargoes. Due to uncertainties, mainly with regard to the composition and toxicity of the low molecular mass fraction, and the fact that the toxicological database is limited to the 40-65 grade and does not cover all grades of calcium lignosulphonate shipped as previous cargoes, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) concluded that calcium lignosulphonate does not meet the criteria for acceptability as a previous cargo. Only food-grade ammonium sulphate meets the criteria for acceptability as a previous cargo due to uncertainties about impurities in other (non-food) grades.

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Fabrication of self‐healable, conductive, and ultra‐strong hydrogel from polyvinyl alcohol and grape seed–extracted polymer

Luo

Wei

Sun

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Developing hydrogels with excellent mechanical performances and multiple functions is challenging. Herein, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and grape seed extracted polymer (GSP) were used to achieve this goal. The hydrogel was firstly cross‐linked by crystalline regions of PVA upon freezing–thawing cycles, it was further immersed in ammonium sulfate (AS) solution to induce the hydrophilic to hydrophobic transition of GSP. The relationship between microstructures and mechanical properties of the obtained PVA–GSP hydrogel was revealed. The results showed that the PVA–GSP precursor hydrogels were weak due to the uneven network and lower cross‐link density. After soaking in ammonium sulfate solution, the network became more dense and uniform because of the hydrophilic to hydrophobic transition of GSP. Meanwhile, frictions between polymer chains increased. As a result, ultra‐strong (tensile stress = 20.5 MPa), antifatigue (>95%), self‐healable (healed stress = 10.0 MPa), and conductive hydrogels were obtained. The strength and toughness of our gel are among top values in literature to date. Furthermore, the swollen gel even after soaking in DI water for 36 hr still maintained tensile strength at the megapascal level, superior to most water‐rich hydrogels. This tough and functional gel might find potential applications in cartilage repair, artificial skin, and sensors.

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Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of dietary administered ammonium sulfate in F344 rats

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Health risk of ammonium released from water filters

Health risk of ammonium released from water filters

Scientific opinion on the evaluation of substances as acceptable previous cargoes for edible fats and oils

Fabrication of self‐healable, conductive, and ultra‐strong hydrogel from polyvinyl alcohol and grape seed–extracted polymer

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