Chronic Kidney Disease in Police Forces Households in Khartoum, Sudan: Pilot Report

Abstract

Introduction: In the Police Forces Hypertension, Diabetes, Renal Insufficiency and Thyroid Derangement (HyDRIT) pilot study we explored the prevalence, risk factors, awareness, treatment adequacy and complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other non-communicable diseases among adult Police Forces households in two housing complexes in Khartoum, Sudan. Methods: Serum creatinine measurements and urine dipstick testing were performed for 273 individuals. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the standardized Cockroft-Gault and the four variable MDRD formulas. CKD was defined as an estimated GFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2 and/or proteinuria. Results: The overall prevalence of CKD was 11% (30/273) using the standardized Cockroft-Gault equation and 7.7% (21/273) using the four variable MDRD equation. According to the standardized Cockroft-Gault formula, 14 subjects had reduced GFR with negative urine dipstick testing, two subjects had both proteinuria and reduced GFR, and 14 subjects had proteinuria without reduction in GFR. None of those subjects was aware of his kidney problem. According to the standardized Cockroft-Gault formula, 14 of the identified CKD cases were hypertensive (46.7%); eight of them (57.1%) had a prior diagnosis of hypertension but none achieved therapeutic targets. Four of the identified CKD cases were diabetic (13.3%), three of whom had a prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus with reasonably controlled blood sugar levels. Only age above 50 years and low educational level proved to be independent risk factors for CKD in multivariate analysis. Conclusion:The prevalence of CKD in the study population seems to be comparable to other countries.

Prevalence and correlates of chronic kidney disease among civil servants in Bayelsa state, Nigeria

“…A study by Abu-Aisha et al found prevalence rates of 7.7% and 11.0% using the 4-variable MDRD and the Cockroft-Gault equations respectively in a community pilot study among police officer households in Sudan. [20] Although ethnic disparity has been reported in CKD with a higher prevalence among blacks possibly from the complex interaction between socio-cultural, genetic and environmental factors, [21] our findings are quite similar to reports emanating from Caucasians. Amato et al, Coresh et al and Fox et al found CKD prevalence rates of 8.5%, 7.0% and 8.6% respectively in America from 2003 to 2006.…”

Burden and determinants of chronic kidney disease among diabetic patients in Ethiopia: A systematic Review and Meta-analysis, 2020

“…The odds of developing CKD for those who had hypertension were increased more than two folds when compared to CKD patients without history of hypertension. This nding is in agreement with other results [7,8,33,35,38,40]. The possible explanation for this could be the under achievement of blood pressure targets that could attribute to early end organ damage and late presentation of medical care in patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus [7,33,41].This also pointed to the growing evidence for the existence of genetically determined and environmentally induced factors responsible for the high risk of damage to kidney, especially in countries like Ethiopia.…”

“…which is 35.5% and 24.6% in China [34,35] and 20.7% in Cape Town [36]. However, the current nding is higher than reports from Nigeria (7.8 %) [37], Malawi (1.4%) [38], Indonesia (4%) [39] and Sudan (13.3%) [40]. This might be due to the difference in study design, sample size, criteria of selection of the study participants, study area.…”

Prevalence and Possible Risk Factors Associated With Overweight and Obesity Among Adults in Mayo Area in Khartoum State-Sudan

“…A study conducted in Khartoum sate in police forces household, showed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity was (45.8%) [16] . The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Sudanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was found to be 16.8% and 6.9% respectively [17] .…”