Chronic Kidney Disease and Fibrosis: The Role of Uremic Retention Solutes

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health concern, and the uremic state is highly associated with fibrogenesis in several organs and tissues. Fibrosis is characterized by excessive production and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins with a detrimental impact on organ function. Another key feature of CKD is the retention and subsequent accumulation of solutes that are normally cleared by the healthy kidney. Several of these uremic retention solutes, including indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, have been suggested to be CKD-specific triggers for the development and perpetuation of fibrosis. The purpose of this brief review is to gather and discuss the current body of evidence linking uremic retention solutes to the fibrotic response during CKD, with a special emphasis on the pathophysiological mechanisms in the kidney.

Microbiota, metabolome, and immune alterations in obese mice fed a high‐fat diet containing type 2 resistant starch

“…These compounds are produced as a result of microbial metabolism of tryptophan (3‐indoxylsulfate), phenylalanine (phenylacetylglycine), as well as choline and carnitine (DMA/TMA). Increases in 3‐indoxylsulfate were also significant because this compound is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular dysfunction . Our findings differ from other studies in which RS consumption was associated with lower 3‐indoxylsulfate in the urine of hemodialysing patients and low‐fat fed rats with CKD .…”

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Hypoxic/Ischemic Nephropathy

“…This includes blood hypoperfusion, hypoxia, inflammatory damage in the case of glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, and toxic damage, which ultimately results in renal dysfunction [74]. The progression of renal fibrosis involves activation of intrinsic kidney cells as well as infiltrated cells, which leads to excessive accumulation and deposition of extracellular matrix, and the eventual loss of kidney function [75].…”

Therapeutic potential of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum AD3 on acetaminophen induced uremia in experimental rats

“…Therefore, a host of substances that are normally excreted into the urine are retained. This condition is called uremia in medical term [3]. Kidney dysfunction leads to the accumulation of uremic toxins, chiefly urea in the serum.…”