Uremia means excess nitrogenous waste products in the blood & their toxic effects. An acute acetaminophen (paracetamol, N-acetyl p-aminophenol; APAP) overdose may result into potentially fatal hepatic and renal necrosis in humans and experimental animals. The aims of this present study were to investigate the protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on oxidative stress & uremia on male albino rats induced by acetaminophen. The study was performed by 24 albino male Wister strain rats which were randomly divided into four groups: Group I, control - receives normal food and water, Groups II, III & IV receive acetaminophen interperitoneally at the dose of 500 mg/kg/day for 10 days, from 11th day Groups III & IV were treated with ALA at the dose of 5 mg & 10 mg/100 g/day for 15 days, respectively. After 25 days of treatment, it was observed that there was a significant increase in plasma urea, creatinine, sodium and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p < 0.05) but a significant decrease in super oxide dismutase (SOD) & catalase activity & potassium level in uremic group is compared with control group & there was a significant increase in SOD & catalase (p < 0.05) & a significant decrease in serum urea, creatinine & Na and MDA (p < 0.05) in Group III & Group IV is compared with Group II & significant changes were observed in high ALA dose group. In conclusion it was observed that the ALA has nephroprotective activities by biochemical observations against acetaminophen induced uremic rats.
Conclusion: The urease positive probiotic L. plantarum AD3 strain have the antioxidative and antiuremic efficacy in acetaminophen induced experimental rats.
A B S T R A C TAcetaminophen is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drug, high doses of which cause hepatic and renal injury. In development and progression of kidney disease research, it is necessary to have a suitable common drug to induce uremia and renal failure of rats. It is also required to select the threshold doses for the said drug; a therapeutic dose and toxic dose for kidney failure using standard guidelines. An acute toxicity of acetaminophen was conducted by the limit test at a dose of 2000 mg kgG 1 b.wt., on either sex rats (n = 5) and a main test was conducted by a dose progression factor of 3.2 times as per Organization of Economic Co-Operation and Development guidelines 425. Eighteen male albino rats (n = 18) were divided into three groups, group I served as control, groups II and III rats were administered 175 mg and 550 mg kgG 1 b.wt., acetaminophen intraperitoneally for 14 days, respectively. Different parameters were considered to analyze renal failure. Urea, creatinine, GOT, GPT and MDA levels were increased significantly (p<0.05) in group III, compared to groups I and II. Antioxidant enzymes like SOD, catalase and GSH level were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group III rats, compared to group I and II rats. Increase in blood uremia profile indicated that the higher dose of acetaminophen causes uremia. Increase in the toxicity markers and lipid peroxidation marker enzymes indicate the nephrotoxicity. Histological structures of kidney of group III animals showed a severe disorganization of glomerulus and dilation of renal tubules. These results indicate that intraperitoneal injection of acetaminophen at high dose causes nephrotoxicity and renal cellular damage to experimental rats.
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