Chronic fatal disease in gorillas seropositive for Simian T-lymphotropic virus I antibodies

Blakeslee, James R.; McClure, Harold M.; Anderson, Daniel C.; Bauer, Richard; Huff, Laura Y.; Olsen, Richard G.

doi:10.1016/0304-3835(87)90139-x

Cited by 31 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Most of these env sequences, as well as one published recently by our group, from a wild-caught chimpanzee of the P. t. troglodytes subspecies (PTR-CAR875) in Cameroon, were slightly different to each other but belonged to the large HTLV-I/STLV-I molecular clade subtype B, specific to central Africa (Nerrienet et al, 2001). Furthermore, despite the rare reports of STLV-I seropositive gorillas (Blakeslee et al, 1987;Ishikawa et al, 1987;Saksena et al, 1994;Srivastava et al, 1986) kept mainly in captivity, there are no sequence data available on a STLV-I from a gorilla.…”

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confidence: 71%

Simian T cell leukaemia virus type I subtype B in a wild-caught gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes vellerosus) from Cameroon

Nerrienet

Meertens

Kfutwah

et al. 2004

Journal of General Virology

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Short CommunicationSimian T cell leukaemia virus type I subtype B in a wild-caught gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes vellerosus) from Cameroon A serological survey for human T cell leukaemia virus (HTLV)/simian T cell leukaemia virus (STLV) antibodies was performed in 61 wild-caught African apes, including five gorillas and 56 chimpanzees originating from south Cameroon. Two young animals, a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes vellerosus), exhibited a pattern of complete HTLV-I seroreactivity. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses using the complete LTR (750 bp) and a 522 bp fragment of the env gene indicated the existence of two novel STLV-I strains, both of which belonged to HTLV-I/STLV-I molecular clade subtype B, specific to central Africa. These first STLV-I strains to be characterized in gorilla and chimpanzee were closely related to each other as well as to several HTLV-I strains originating from inhabitants of south Cameroon, including pygmies. Such findings reinforce the hypothesis of interspecies transmission of STLV-I to humans, leading to the present day distribution of HTLV-I in central African inhabitants.

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confidence: 71%

Simian T cell leukaemia virus type I subtype B in a wild-caught gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes vellerosus) from Cameroon

Nerrienet

Meertens

Kfutwah

et al. 2004

Journal of General Virology

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“…The simian counterpart of HTLV-1 was also rapidly discovered, based on the findings of STLV-1 in several monkey species from Asia and Africa (Hunsmann et al, 1983; Guo et al, 1984; Hayami et al, 1984; Homma et al, 1984; Becker et al, 1985; Watanabe et al, 1985; Blakeslee et al, 1987; Koralnik et al, 1994). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection

Gessain¹,

Cassar²

2012

Front. Microbio.

1,148

1,152

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The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), identified as the first human oncogenic retrovirus 30 years ago, is not an ubiquitous virus. HTLV-1 is present throughout the world, with clusters of high endemicity located often nearby areas where the virus is nearly absent. The main HTLV-1 highly endemic regions are the Southwestern part of Japan, sub-Saharan Africa and South America, the Caribbean area, and foci in Middle East and Australo-Melanesia. The origin of this puzzling geographical or rather ethnic repartition is probably linked to a founder effect in some groups with the persistence of a high viral transmission rate. Despite different socio-economic and cultural environments, the HTLV-1 prevalence increases gradually with age, especially among women in all highly endemic areas. The three modes of HTLV-1 transmission are mother to child, sexual transmission, and transmission with contaminated blood products. Twenty years ago, de Thé and Bomford estimated the total number of HTLV-1 carriers to be 10–20 millions people. At that time, large regions had not been investigated, few population-based studies were available and the assays used for HTLV-1 serology were not enough specific. Despite the fact that there is still a lot of data lacking in large areas of the world and that most of the HTLV-1 studies concern only blood donors, pregnant women, or different selected patients or high-risk groups, we shall try based on the most recent data, to revisit the world distribution and the estimates of the number of HTLV-1 infected persons. Our best estimates range from 5–10 millions HTLV-1 infected individuals. However, these results were based on only approximately 1.5 billion of individuals originating from known HTLV-1 endemic areas with reliable available epidemiological data. Correct estimates in other highly populated regions, such as China, India, the Maghreb, and East Africa, is currently not possible, thus, the current number of HTLV-1 carriers is very probably much higher.

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“…While three of them, that is, PTLV-1, PTLV-2 and PTLV-3, comprise human and simian viruses (HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and STLV-1, STLV-2, STLV-3 respectively) (Calattini et al, 2005), the fourth type (HTLV-4) consists only of one human strain (Wolfe et al, 2005). Isolated for the first time shortly after HTLV-1 (Miyoshi et al, 1982), STLV-1 is highly prevalent in a large variety of old world monkey species (Slattery et al, 1999), and cases of ATLL-like diseases, with clonal integration of the STLV-1 provirus in the tumor cells described in several simian species (Blakeslee et al, 1987). Based on env, pol and/or long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence comparisons, phylogenetic analyses have provided supporting evidence that multiple discrete episodes of interspecies transmission have occurred between primates and humans in the distant and recent past (Slattery et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tax protein from the primate T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 is expressed in vivo and is functionally related to HTLV-1 Tax rather than HTLV-2 Tax

et al. 2006

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Human T-cell leukemia virus and simian T-cell leukemia virus (STLV) form the primate T-cell lymphotropic viruses group. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and type 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) encode the Tax viral transactivator (Tax1 and Tax2, respectively). Tax1 possesses an oncogenic potential and is responsible for cell transformation both in vivo and in vitro. We and others have recently discovered the existence of human Tcell lymphotropic virus type 3. However, there is currently no evidence for the presence of a Tax protein in HTLV-3-infected individuals. We show that the serum of an HTLV-3 asymptomatic carrier and the sera of two STLV-3-infected monkeys contain specific anti-Tax3 antibodies. We also show that tax3 mRNA is present in the PBMCs obtained from an STLV-3-infected monkey, demonstrating that Tax3 is expressed in vivo. We further demonstrate that Tax3 intracellular localization is very similar to that of Tax1 and that Tax3 binds to both CBP and p300 coactivators. Using purified Tax3, we show that the protein increases transcription from a 4TxRE G-free cassette plasmid in an in vitro transcription assay. In all cell types tested, including transiently transfected lymphocytes, Tax3 activates its own promoter STLV-3 long terminal repeat (LTR), which contains only two Tax Responsive Elements (TREs), and activates also HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 LTRs. In addition, Tax3 also activates the NF-jB pathway. We also show that Tax3 possesses a PDZ-binding sequence at its C-terminal end. Our results demonstrate that Tax3 is a transactivator, and that its properties are more similar to that of Tax1, rather than of Tax2. This suggests the possible occurrence of lymphoproliferative disorders among HTLV-3-infected populations.

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Chronic fatal disease in gorillas seropositive for Simian T-lymphotropic virus I antibodies

Cited by 31 publications

References 13 publications

Simian T cell leukaemia virus type I subtype B in a wild-caught gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes vellerosus) from Cameroon

Simian T cell leukaemia virus type I subtype B in a wild-caught gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes vellerosus) from Cameroon

Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection

The tax protein from the primate T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 is expressed in vivo and is functionally related to HTLV-1 Tax rather than HTLV-2 Tax

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