Chronic exposure to PPCPs mixture at environmentally relevant concentrations (ERCs) altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism through gut and liver toxicity in zebrafish

Effect of Chronic Exposure to Textile Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents on Growth Performance, Oxidative Stress, and Intestinal Microbiota in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…In this study, HSI decreased significantly in the treatment group ( P < 0.05, Supplementary Table 2 ). A significant effect on the HSI value was also reported when zebrafish were exposed to pharmaceutical and personal care products ( Hamid et al, 2021 ).…”

“…The HSI (calculated as liver weight/body weight × 100) is often used to evaluate liver growth and liver function in fish under dietary exposure to chemicals or diet regulation ( Hamid et al, 2021 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ). In this study, HSI decreased significantly in the treatment group ( P < 0.05, Supplementary Table 2 ).…”

Occurrence, ecological risk assessment and prioritization of pharmaceuticals and abuse drugs in estuarine waters along the São Paulo coast, Brazil

“…Consequently, once in the aquatic ecosystems, PPCP interactions may result in unpredicted deleterious effects in non-target organisms (Lawrence et al 2012 ; Bouissou-Schurtz et al 2014 ). In this context, the adverse effects posed by PPCP mixtures towards non-target organisms are an area of increasing scientific interest (Galus et al 2013 ; Di Nica et al 2016 ; Hamid et al 2021 ). For instance, a study conducted in sewage waters from Ontario, Canada, showed significantly decreased Danio rerio embryo production after a 6-week exposure to a pharmaceutical mixture of acetaminophen, carbamazepine and other PPCPs (Galus et al 2013 ).…”

“…Another study accomplished in aquatic environments from Milan, Italy, showed that a combined effect of the carbamazepine, caffeine and diclofenac could be more severe to the metabolism of marine bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri than each drug individually (Di Nica et al 2016 ). A recent study showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of a PPCP mixture (including carbamazepine, diclofenac and other compounds) found in Chongqing, China, induced developmental effects and metabolic dysfunction in both male and female of Danio rerio (Hamid et al 2021 ). Therefore, in a real scenario, we cannot exclude a possible synergistic interaction between the several PPCPs quantified in this study (EMA 2006 ; Bouissou-Schurtz et al 2014 ; USEPA 2017a ).…”

“…Although PPCPs are not routinely monitored and under environmental regulation in many countries (Čelić et al 2019 ; Maasz et al 2019 ), several works have shown that these environmental stressors may have deleterious effects on the aquatic biota at vestigial concentrations (i.e. nanogram to microgram per litre), such as behavioural changes, mortality, immobilisation, growth and reproduction inhibition, endocrine disruption, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity (Adams et al 2020 ; Hamid et al 2021 ; Reque et al 2021 ).…”