Chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides and neuropsychological functioning in farm workers: a review

Muñoz-Quezada, María Teresa; Lucero, Boris; Iglesias, Verónica; Muñoz, Manuel J.; Cornejo, Claudia; Achú, Eduardo; Baumert, Brittney; Hanchey, Arianna; Concha, Carolina; Brito, Ana María; Villalobos, Marcos

doi:10.1080/10773525.2015.1123848

Cited by 148 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In addition to learning and memory impairments, epidemiological evidence suggests that OP exposure may induce changes in attention and impulsive behavior in adults (Farahat et al, 2003; Rohlman et al, 2007; Ismail et al, 2012; Meyer-Baron et al, 2015; Muñoz-Quezada et al, 2016). Attention and impulse control are critical aspects of executive function that play fundamental roles in information processing and are also impaired in numerous psychiatric disorders.…”

Section: Neurobehavioral Effects In Laboratory Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotoxicity in Preclinical Models of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphorus Compounds

et al. 2017

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Organophosphorus (OPs) compounds are widely used as insecticides, plasticizers, and fuel additives. These compounds potently inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine at neuronal synapses, and acute exposure to high OP levels can cause cholinergic crisis in humans and animals. Evidence further suggests that repeated exposure to lower OP levels insufficient to cause cholinergic crisis, frequently encountered in the occupational setting, also pose serious risks to people. For example, multiple epidemiological studies have identified associations between occupational OP exposure and neurodegenerative disease, psychiatric illness, and sensorimotor deficits. Rigorous scientific investigation of the basic science mechanisms underlying these epidemiological findings requires valid preclinical models in which tightly-regulated exposure paradigms can be correlated with neurotoxicity. Here, we review the experimental models of occupational OP exposure currently used in the field. We found that animal studies simulating occupational OP exposures do indeed show evidence of neurotoxicity, and that utilization of these models is helping illuminate the mechanisms underlying OP-induced neurological sequelae. Still, further work is necessary to evaluate exposure levels, protection methods, and treatment strategies, which taken together could serve to modify guidelines for improving workplace conditions globally.

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Section: Neurobehavioral Effects In Laboratory Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotoxicity in Preclinical Models of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphorus Compounds

et al. 2017

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“…While developmental neurotoxicity has received the most attention, adolescent and adulthood exposure is still a cause for concern as exemplified by the different adverse effects and diseases that are associated with occupational exposures [24–26] (for reviews on long-term exposure and neurological disease, see [27,28]). On the other hand, OP exposure in a mature brain does not cause as dramatic a disruption as in a developing brain because neural networks are already established and post-mitotic cells likely evolved to be more resilient to toxic insults; a defense potentially reversed by aging and disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Specific Neurotoxic Effects of Organophosphate Pesticides Across the Life Course

Comfort

Ré

2017

Curr Envir Health Rpt

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Purpose of Review This review discusses the sex-specific effects of exposure to various organophosphate (OP) pesticides throughout the life course and potential reasons for the differential vulnerabilities observed across sexes. Recent findings Sex is a crucial factor in the response to toxicants yet the sex-specific effects of OP exposure, particularly in juveniles and adults, remain unresolved. This is largely due to study design and inconsistencies in exposure and outcome assessments. Summary Exposure to OPs results in multiple adverse outcomes influenced by many factors including sex. Reported sex-specific effects suggest that males are more susceptible to OPs, which reflects the sex-dependent prevalence of various neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders such as autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in which males are at greater risk. Thus, this review proposes that the biological sex-specific effects elicited by OP exposure may in part underlie the dimorphic susceptibilities observed in neurological disorders. Understanding the immediate and long-term effects of OP exposure across sexes will be critical in advancing our understanding of OP-induced neurotoxicity and disease.

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“…7 In addition to such high-level acute exposure to OPs, chronic low-level exposure to OP-based pesticides is also a concern especially for farmworkers. 8 For example, farmworkers in both developed and developing countries who work on fields sprayed with OPs expressed lower neurobehavioral performance than control farmworker groups. 9,10 Despite their short half-lives (days to months), OP residues have been found in soils, sediments, and watershedsraising health concerns for chronic and early-life exposure to non-occupational populations especially those living in agricultural communities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printed Graphene Electrochemical Biosensors Fabricated by Inkjet Maskless Lithography for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Organophosphates

Hondred

Breger

Alves

et al. 2018

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

119

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Solution phase printing of graphene-based electrodes has recently become an attractive low-cost, scalable manufacturing technique to create in-field electrochemical biosensors. Here, we report a graphene-based electrode developed via inkjet maskless lithography (IML) for the direct and rapid monitoring of triple-O linked phosphonate organophosphates (OPs); these constitute the active compounds found in chemical warfare agents and pesticides that exhibit acute toxicity as well as long-term pollution to soils and waterways. The IML-printed graphene electrode is nano/microstructured with a 1000 mW benchtop laser engraver and electrochemically deposited platinum nanoparticles (dia. ∼25 nm) to improve its electrical conductivity (sheet resistance decreased from ∼10 000 to 100 Ω/sq), surface area, and electroactive nature for subsequent enzyme functionalization and biosensing. The enzyme phosphotriesterase (PTE) was conjugated to the electrode surface via glutaraldehyde cross-linking. The resulting biosensor was able to rapidly measure (5 s response time) the insecticide paraoxon (a model OP) with a low detection limit (3 nM), and high sensitivity (370 nA/μM) with negligible interference from similar nerve agents. Moreover, the biosensor exhibited high reusability (average of 0.3% decrease in sensitivity per sensing event), stability (90% anodic current signal retention over 1000 s), longevity (70% retained sensitivity after 8 weeks), and the ability to selectively sense OP in actual soil and water samples. Hence, this work presents a scalable printed graphene manufacturing technique that can be used to create OP biosensors that are suitable for in-field applications as well as, more generally, for low-cost biosensor test strips that could be incorporated into wearable or disposable sensing paradigms.

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Chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides and neuropsychological functioning in farm workers: a review

Abstract: Overall, evidence suggests an association between chronic occupational exposure to OP pesticides and neuropsychological effects. However, there is no consensus about the specific cognitive skills affected.

Cited by 148 publications

References 56 publications

Neurotoxicity in Preclinical Models of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphorus Compounds

Neurotoxicity in Preclinical Models of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphorus Compounds

Sex-Specific Neurotoxic Effects of Organophosphate Pesticides Across the Life Course

Printed Graphene Electrochemical Biosensors Fabricated by Inkjet Maskless Lithography for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Organophosphates

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