Chromosome studies on blood lymphocytes of men occupationally exposed to cadmium

O'riordan, M. L.; Hughes, E. G.; Evans, H. J.

doi:10.1016/0165-1218(78)90023-x

Cited by 41 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In the studies on industrial workers, the cadmium content of blood did not differ greatly from the values reported by O'Riordan et al (40), and no correlation was found with the degree of exposure. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that persons working in such industries are exposed to a mixture of different metals.…”

Section: Cadmiummentioning

confidence: 45%

“…In both studies none of the individuals had received radiotherapy or drugs known to produce chromosome damage. The cadmium blood level at the time of the cytogenetic observations were 1.95 pug/100 mL versus 0.2 p,g/100 mL in the controls in the group studied by O'Riordan et al (40) and, in the study of Bui et al. (39), ranged from 24.7 to 61.0 ng/g and from 15.5 to 28.8 ng/g for the industrial workers and the Itai-Itai patients, respectively.…”

Section: Cadmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomonitoring Exposure to Metal Compounds with Carcinogenic Properties

Léonard¹,

Bernard²

1993

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Several metals such as arsenic, beryllium, chromium and nickel are carcinogenic to man when they occur in certain well-defined physicochemical forms. The carcinogenic potential of these metals is linked to their mutagenic properties. The determination ofthe metal or possibly of its metabolites in biological media and the cytogenetic examination of somatic cells are two methods that can currently be used to monitor exposure of populations at risk. Due to the use of inappropriate methodology, the value of the positive cytogenetic results published so far appears questionable. By contrast, the concentrations of metals in blood, urine, or other biological materials can be determined with accurate and precise methods. Although it does not permit a direct assessment of the carcinogenic risk, this approach is currently the most suitable for monitoring exposed populations. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity of Metal SaltsThere is clear evidence that arsenic, beryllium, chromium, and nickel, when present in certain well defined physicochemical forms, represent a carcinogenic hazard to man. Earlier observations of cadmium carcinogenicity were not sustained by the recent updates of cohorts. To varying degrees, the epidemiological findings have been duplicated by positive results in laboratory animals but, if we except the case of arsenic, metal carcinogenesis is not a problem of environmental contamination at trace levels but is relevant to occupational medicine (1).From the results of the several hundreds short-term tests performed to assess the carcinogenic properties of metal salts on the basis of mutagenicity (2) significant reversion in the Ames test, although they produce forward mutations in mammalian somatic cells or in some bacteria, i.e., resistance to antibiotics or other detectable mutations that can be positively selected.As far as mechanisms are concerned, forward mutations may be caused by unrepaired or unrepairable insertions, deletions, rearrangements, or point mutations that are not detectable in the Ames test. In that respect, it is of interest to point out that the fluctuation assay is a more sensitive technique than the plate incorporation assay. This illustrates the importance of choosing a method appropriate for highly toxic substances. These assays have also demonstrated that the response obtained depends on the ability of the metal to penetrate the cell and to interact with DNA, the chemical speciation, the physical properties [oxidation state, e.g., Cr(VI) and Cr(III), As(V), and As(III); charge, solubility, crystal form, properties of ligands, complex stereochemistry] and the possible interactions with other xenobiotics are, in that respect, critical. Metals such as Ni(II) or Cd(II) may be precipitated as insoluble phosphate salts due to orthophosphate ions present in the normal bacteriological culture medium and, for this reason, may not be detected as mutagenic. Some of the variation observed in the results of the bioassays of different metal salts could, therefore, be due to differences in bioav...

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Section: Cadmiummentioning

confidence: 45%

Section: Cadmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomonitoring Exposure to Metal Compounds with Carcinogenic Properties

Léonard¹,

Bernard²

1993

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…Furthermore, the increase in aberrations was not selective but instead reflected an overall increase for each type of perturbation. However, other studies by Evans and O'Riordan (67) and by O'Riordan et al (68) failed to observe any increase in chromosomal aberrations in industrial workers exposed to lead or to cadmium.…”

Section: Induction Of Chromosomal Aberrations By Metal Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Effects of metals in in vitro bioassays.

Sirover¹

1981

Environ Health Perspect

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The capacity of in vitro bioassays to detect the potential carcinogenicity of metal compounds is reviewed. The in vitro bioassays discussed include: bacterial reversion analysis to determine the capacity of metal salts to revert SalmoneUa typhimurium histidine auxotrophs or to revert Escherichia coli WP 2 tryp-to tryptophan prototrophy; examination of the ability of metal salts to preferentially inhibit cell growth in Bacillus subtilis cells deficient in DNA repair pathways; determination of the ability of metal salts to induce resistance to base analogs in mammalian cells; the capacity of metal salts to enhance viral transformation of mammalian cells or to transform cells in the absence of virus; and the ability of metal salts to induce chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells. Using each of these in vitro bioassays, diverse metal compounds have been identified as potential carcinogens. Furthermore, the use of different compounds of a specific metal may allow a determination of the valence which may be required for carcinogenesis.

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“…O'Riordan et al (33) studied a group of 40 men occupationally exposed to cadmium salts (mean blood cadmium level 1.95 ,ug/100 ml). A point of interest was the finding of four cells (out of 3740) containing chromatid interchanges in the exposed group but none in the control one.…”

Section: Cadmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromosome aberrations and their relevance to metal carcinogenesis.

Vainio¹,

Sorsa²

1981

Environ Health Perspect

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Scoring for structural chromosome abnormalities is one of the only practical methods available for detecting visual damage in human genetic material. Cytogenetic tests in vivo and in vitro have shown the clastogenic potential of a number of metals and metal compounds. The difficulties in in vivo studies lie in identifying a specific clastogen in an occupational setting, where simultaneous exposure to a number of organic and inorganic chemicals is a common phenomenon. Metals known to be carcinogens in animals also tend to possess chromosomedamaging properties, even though more extensive studies are needed before any conclusive evidence can be reached. The visible chromosomal damage produced by exposure to metal compounds should be considered as a warning indication of potentially adverse genetic and somatic effects in humans.Today genotoxic effects of environmental agents have high priority in research related to public health. Alterations in genetic material are undoubtedly significant in the etiology of cancer and congenital malformations. Since experimental assay systems capable of revealing changes in genetic material are more sensitive, quicker, and easier to run than tests depending upon tumor formation or teratological findings in laboratory animals, increasing emphasis has recently been placed on the assessment of mutagenicity.Interaction between chemicals and genetic material results principally in two types ofdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) alterations: first, changes in single genes at the molecular level and, second, chromosomal aberrations derived from breakage in the linear coherence of chromosomes. Another type of genetic alteration may be induced by chemicals affecting the segregation of chromosomes through interaction with the spindle fiber mechanism, the result being nondisjunction and a deviant number of chromosomes.In addition to short-term test systems, cytogenetic methods applied directly to human cells can be used to evaluate genotoxic hazards. Cytogenetic

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Chromosome studies on blood lymphocytes of men occupationally exposed to cadmium

Cited by 41 publications

References 17 publications

Biomonitoring Exposure to Metal Compounds with Carcinogenic Properties

Biomonitoring Exposure to Metal Compounds with Carcinogenic Properties

Effects of metals in in vitro bioassays.

Chromosome aberrations and their relevance to metal carcinogenesis.

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