Chromium-Modified Li4Ti5O12 with a Synergistic Effect of Bulk Doping, Surface Coating, and Size Reducing

Zou, Hailin; Liang, Xin; Feng, Xuyong; Xiang, Hongfa

doi:10.1021/acsami.6b07742

Cited by 66 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In Figure c, the apparent diffusion coefficient of sodium ions ( D Na + ) can be estimated from the relationship between the peak current ( I p ) of C1 and the square root of scan rate (ν 1/2 ). On the basis of the CV data and the following Equation

I_{normalp} = 2.69 \times 10^{5} {An}^{3 / 2} C_{0} D_{Na+}^{1 / 2} ν^{1 / 2}

where n is the number of electrons involved in redox reaction per molecule, A is the surface area of the electrode (here the geometric area of electrode is used for simplicity), and C 0 is the molar concentration of sodium ions in the anode. Based on the slopes in Figure c, D Na + is calculated to be 5.6 × 10 −11 and 8.3 × 10 −11 cm 2 s −1 at low scan rates from 0.1 to 0.8 mV s −1 for AC and 3DAC, respectively; 1.1 × 10 −10 and 2 × 10 −10 cm 2 s −1 at high scan rates from 1.0 to 1.6 mV s −1 for AC and 3DAC, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Amorphous Carbon with Controlled Porous and Disordered Structures as a High‐Rate Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Lü

Sun

Xiang

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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high energy density and low self-discharge rate, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely applied to millions of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles since 1991. [1,2] Nevertheless, driven by the rising cost of LIBs, the limited content (0.0065%) and uneven distribution of lithium resource on the earth, [3,4] post-lithium ion battery technologies have worldwidely dragged researchers' attentions. Sodium is naturally abundant and has chemical properties similar to lithium, while do not form alloys with aluminum collectors. [5][6][7] Thus, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as an ideal candidate for cost-effective energy storage. However, the cycling stability, rate capability, and capacity of SIBs still need to be enhanced for practical systems and further development. There still remains a challenge that high-performance and low-cost electrode materials, especially the suitable anode materials, are urgent to develop.Compared with the poor structure stability of sodium alloy, [8,9] low reversible capacity of titanium-based oxide, [10,11] and complicated strategies of composites, [12][13][14] carbon materials are regarded as the most promising anode materials of SIBs for practical applications. Various carbon materials, including graphite, [15,16] expanded graphite, [17] amorphous carbon, [18][19][20] and graphene, [21][22][23] have been investigated, which indicates favorable sodium ions de/insertion reactions in host structure due to the lattice defect and larger interlayer space. Among all the carbon anode candidates, amorphous carbon, such as hard carbon and soft carbon, has attracted much attention due to high electrochemical activity and relatively low cost. Hard carbon contains plenty of disordered structures with defects and voids, which contribute to high reversible capacities yet large initial irreversible capacity loss. [24][25][26][27] Moreover, the disordered structures in hard carbon cause low electronic conductivity and the resulting poor rate performance. [28] On the contrary, soft carbon has abundant graphitic regions yet relatively few defects, which results in high electronic conductivity and low initial Coulombic efficiency. Mesophase carbon microbead (MCMB), one of the typical soft carbon materials, has been widely used as a high-rate anode material with a reversible capacity of ≈330 mA h g −1 for LIBs. [29] However, soft carbon usually delivers a low reversible capacity Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have a promising application prospect for energy storage systems due to the abundant resource. Amorphous carbon with high electronic conductivity and high surface area is likely to be the most promising anode material for SIBs. However, the rate capability of amorphous carbon in SIBs is still a big challenge because of the sluggish kinetics of Na + ions. Herein, a three-dimensional amorphous carbon (3DAC) with controlled porous and disordered structures is synthesized via a facile NaCl template-assisted method. Combination of open porous structures of 3DAC, the increase...

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I_{normalp} = 2.69 \times 10^{5} {An}^{3 / 2} C_{0} D_{Na+}^{1 / 2} ν^{1 / 2}

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Amorphous Carbon with Controlled Porous and Disordered Structures as a High‐Rate Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Lü

Sun

Xiang

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

Self Cite

520

254

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“…Recently, several research groups have attempted to improve the electronic conductivity of LTO by controlling its particle size through various novel synthesis methods as well as by doping or surface modification techniques . They achieved remarkable results for enhancing the electrochemical properties of LTO.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, several research groups have attempted to improve the electronic conductivity of LTO by controlling its particle size through various novel synthesis methods [35][36][37][38] as well as by doping or surface modification techniques. 34,[39][40][41][42] They achieved remarkable results for enhancing the electrochemical properties of LTO. For example, Feng et al hydrothermally synthesized ultrathin LTO nanosheet with an initial discharge capacity of 193 mAh g −1 at the current rate of 0.2 C (~175 mA g −1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wet‐chemistry synthesis of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂as anode materials rendering high‐rate Li‐ion storage

et al. 2020

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Summary Compared with traditional anode materials, spinel‐structured Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) with “zero‐strain” characteristic offers better cycling stability. In this work, by a wet‐chemistry synthesis method, LTO anode materials have been successfully synthesized by using CH3COOLi·2H2O and C16H36O4Ti as raw materials. The results show that sintering conditions significantly affect purity, uniformity of particle sizes, and electrochemical properties of as‐prepared LTO materials. The optimized LTO product calcined at 650°C for 20 hours demonstrates small particle sizes and excellent electrochemical performances. It delivers an initial discharge capacity of 242.3 mAh g−1 and remains at 117.4 mAh g−1 over 500 cycles at the current density of 60 mA g−1 in the voltage range of 1.0 to 3.0 V. When current density is increased to 1200 mA g−1, its discharge capacity reaches 115.6 mAh g−1 at the first cycle and remains at 64.6 mAh g−1 after 2500 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performances of LTO can be attributed to the introduction of rutile TiO2 phase and small particle sizes, which increases electrical conductivity and electrode kinetics of LTO. Therefore, as‐synthesized LTO in this study can be regarded as a promising anode candidate material for lithium‐ion batteries.

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“…Recently, the spinel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is considered to be the most promising anode material due to its excellent cycle life, flat voltage range, and high reversible capacity . However, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 still faces the challenges of low conductivity and poor ionic diffusion coefficient, which lead to undesirable rate capability and further restrict the application of the spinel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 in high‐power equipments and electronic vehicles . Some available methods enhance the electrochemical performances of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ‐based materials, such as doping metal ions to increase the conductivity of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , constructing nanostructures of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 to increase the specific surface area and shorten the path of ions, and compounding with carbon materials to tolerate the volume change during the lithium insertion/extraction process…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ionic diffusion coefficient, which lead to undesirable rate capability and further restrict the application of the spinel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 in high-power equipments and electronic vehicles. [10] Some available methods enhance the electrochemical performances of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 -based materials, such as doping metal ions to increase the conductivity of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , [11] constructing nanostructures of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 to increase the specific surface area and shorten the path of ions, [12] and compounding with carbon materials to tolerate the volume change during the lithium insertion/ extraction process. [3] By comparison, a new negative electrode material with a spinel structure and a general formula of LiMTiO 4 (M═V, Cr), which can effectively improve the electrochemical performance, has investigated widely.…”

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confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Porous Carbon Nanotubes@LiVTiO₄ Composites and Their Advanced Electrochemical Properties for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2020

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)@LiVTiO4 composites are successfully constructed by a series of treatments, including sol–gel method, solid phase grinding, and a subsequent calcination procedure. In the composite, some LiVTiO4 nanoparticles are adhered on the surface of the bamboo‐like CNTs, whereas others are embedded in the walls of CNTs. As the anode for lithium‐ion batteries, the CNTs@LiVTiO4 nanocomposite delivers a high specific capacity of 346 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.2 A g−1. Even at a high current density of 5 A g−1, the electrode still maintains the capacity of 111.1 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique structure of CNTs@LiVTiO4, which can successfully prevent the pulverization and aggregation of LiVTiO4 nanoparticles and enhance the electrical conductivity. All these favorable factors make CNTs@LiVTiO4 a promising anode material for stable, safe, and high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries.

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Chromium-Modified Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ with a Synergistic Effect of Bulk Doping, Surface Coating, and Size Reducing

Cited by 66 publications

References 55 publications

3D Amorphous Carbon with Controlled Porous and Disordered Structures as a High‐Rate Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

3D Amorphous Carbon with Controlled Porous and Disordered Structures as a High‐Rate Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Wet‐chemistry synthesis of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂as anode materials rendering high‐rate Li‐ion storage

Synthesis of Porous Carbon Nanotubes@LiVTiO₄ Composites and Their Advanced Electrochemical Properties for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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Chromium-Modified Li4Ti5O12 with a Synergistic Effect of Bulk Doping, Surface Coating, and Size Reducing

Cited by 66 publications

References 55 publications

3D Amorphous Carbon with Controlled Porous and Disordered Structures as a High‐Rate Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

3D Amorphous Carbon with Controlled Porous and Disordered Structures as a High‐Rate Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Wet‐chemistry synthesis of Li4Ti5O12as anode materials rendering high‐rate Li‐ion storage

Synthesis of Porous Carbon Nanotubes@LiVTiO4 Composites and Their Advanced Electrochemical Properties for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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Chromium-Modified Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ with a Synergistic Effect of Bulk Doping, Surface Coating, and Size Reducing

Wet‐chemistry synthesis of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂as anode materials rendering high‐rate Li‐ion storage

Synthesis of Porous Carbon Nanotubes@LiVTiO₄ Composites and Their Advanced Electrochemical Properties for Lithium‐Ion Batteries