Chromatographic techniques used to determine benz[c]acridines in environmental samples

Motohashi, Noboru; Kamata, Ken; Meyer, Roger

doi:10.1016/0021-9673(93)80535-g

“…Our limits of quantification were significantly higher than those reported by Lintelmann et al, who used the triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry and the atmospheric pressure photoionization techniques to determine azaarenes in air samples. Nevertheless, sensitivity of our method was sufficient to evaluate azaarenes in plant‐origin fats/oils and significantly higher than that featured by other described methods (regular UV/Vis detection , fluorometry, non‐MS/MS . Good sensitivity reflects reduction in the number of steps in the sample preparation procedure and application of an ion trap mass spectrometer i.e.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Dichloromethane, benzene, ethanol, hexane, or their mixtures are the most commonly used solvents. Classic Soxhlet/ultrasound‐assisted/accelerated solvent are the most commonly applied extraction procedures . Several studies suggest that sample hydrolysis by a strongly basic medium prior to extraction may significantly increase analyte recovery rates and simplify (degrade) the extracted mixtures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such procedures were applied to determine azaarenes in grilled and fried meat samples . Tandem solid‐phase extraction prior to GC/MS is the most commonly applied clean‐up procedure and detection systems . Occasionally after clean‐up procedure also the GC/FID or the GC/NPD technique is used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of an HPLC instrument coupled to a PDA or UV/VIS detector has been reported , but that approach is not applicable to complex food matrices due to the very low concentrations of the analytes in such samples. HPLC with fluorescence detector combination is a significantly better solution for the reason of sensitivity (50× higher) and selectivity . HPLC with MS/MS operated in the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or the atmospheric pressure photochemical ionization mode seems to be the best available detection method in terms of sensitivity and selectivity .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Determination of azaarenes in oils using the LC‐APCI‐MS/MS technique: New environmental toxicant in food oils

Szterk

¹

,

Roszko

²

,

Cybulski

³

2012

J of Separation Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A novel method to determine of azaarenes in refined and cold-pressed vegetable oils and animal fats is reported. The method may be used to determine eight most important acridine derivatives (benz[a]acridine, dibenz[a,i]acridine, benz[c]acridine, dibenz[a,j]acridine, 7,9-dimethylbenz[c]acridine, dibenz[a,h]acridine, dibenz[a,c]acridine, dibenz[c,h]acridine) at a high sensitivity (LOQ in the 2-25 ng kg(-1) range), high analyte recovery rates (70.7-98.7%), sufficient linearity within the studied concentration range (r > 0.97). The method is fast, simple, and needs no expensive clean-up procedures to successfully determine the analytes. Azaarene concentration in the studied oil samples ranged from 2 to 250 ng kg(-1). Benz[a]acridine and dibenz[a,j]acridine were the compounds found most commonly and at the highest concentrations. The observed concentrations most probably reflected levels of environmental contamination of raw materials used to produce the analyzed oil/fat samples.

show abstract

“…Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) and N-heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (azaarenes) are ubiquitous pollutants in the atmosphere and in terrestrial and aquatic systems. They have been detected in air, soil, marine environments, and freshwater lake sediments [1][2][3][4][5]. Their carcinogenic [4] and mutagenic [6,7] potential is well documented in mammals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytochrome P450 Induction by Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Azaarenes, and Binary Mixtures in Fish Hepatoma Cell Line PLHC-1

Jung

¹

,

Klaus

²

,

Fent

³

2001

Environ Toxicol Chem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) and N-heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (azaarenes) are as ubiquitous in the environment as their parent PAH compounds, although occurring at lower concentrations. The toxicological importance of NPAHs and azaarenes is based on their mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Azaarenes possess a higher solubility and mobility in the environment than PAHs. However, very little is known about the toxicity and cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A induction potencies of NPAHs and azaarenes in fish. Here we report on the cytotoxicities and relative CYP1A induction potencies of 12 NPAHs, 12 azaarenes, and 11 PAHs, determined as neutral red uptake and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, respectively, in fish hepatoma PLHC-1 cells. Additionally, CYP1A enzyme protein was determined by ELISA for two NPAHs, azaarenes, PAHs, and binary mixtures. Compared with the structurally analogous PAHs, 2-nitronaphthalene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, 2-aza- and 7-azafluoranthene, 1,6-dinitropyrene, benzo[a]acridine and benzo[h]quinoline revealed higher induction potencies, whereas the other compounds showed similar or less activity. The induction potency was highly dependent on the compounds structural properties, reflected by significant correlations between the half-maximal EROD induction (-log EC50) and the molecular descriptors lipophilicity (log Kow) and maximal molecular length (Lmax). Binary mixtures of 6-nitrochrysene + benzo[a]anthracene, 6-nitrochrysene + benzo[a]acridine, and benzo[a]acridine + benzo[a]anthracene showed an additive interaction. The CYP1A induction potencies of NPAHs and azaarenes, demonstrated here for the first time in fish hepatoma cells, suggest that their contribution to the overall CYP1A induction potencies in PAH-contaminated environmental samples have to be taken into account.

show abstract

Cytochrome P450 induction by nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azaarenes, and binary mixtures in fish hepatoma cell line PLHC‐1

Jung

¹

,

Klaus

²

,

Fent

³

2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) and N-heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (azaarenes) are as ubiquitous in the environment as their parent PAH compounds, although occurring at lower concentrations. The toxicological importance of NPAHs and azaarenes is based on their mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Azaarenes possess a higher solubility and mobility in the environment than PAHs. However, very little is known about the toxicity and cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A induction potencies of NPAHs and azaarenes in fish. Here we report on the cytotoxicities and relative CYP1A induction potencies of 12 NPAHs, 12 azaarenes, and 11 PAHs, determined as neutral red uptake and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, respectively, in fish hepatoma PLHC-1 cells. Additionally, CYP1A enzyme protein was determined by ELISA for two NPAHs, azaarenes, PAHs, and binary mixtures. Compared with the structurally analogous PAHs, 2-nitronaphthalene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, 2-aza- and 7-azafluoranthene, 1,6-dinitropyrene, benzo[a]acridine and benzo[h]quinoline revealed higher induction potencies, whereas the other compounds showed similar or less activity. The induction potency was highly dependent on the compounds structural properties, reflected by significant correlations between the half-maximal EROD induction (-log EC50) and the molecular descriptors lipophilicity (log Kow) and maximal molecular length (Lmax). Binary mixtures of 6-nitrochrysene + benzo[a]anthracene, 6-nitrochrysene + benzo[a]acridine, and benzo[a]acridine + benzo[a]anthracene showed an additive interaction. The CYP1A induction potencies of NPAHs and azaarenes, demonstrated here for the first time in fish hepatoma cells, suggest that their contribution to the overall CYP1A induction potencies in PAH-contaminated environmental samples have to be taken into account.

show abstract

Chromatographic techniques used to determine benz[c]acridines in environmental samples

Cited by 14 publications

References 34 publications

Determination of azaarenes in oils using the LC‐APCI‐MS/MS technique: New environmental toxicant in food oils

Determination of azaarenes in oils using the LC‐APCI‐MS/MS technique: New environmental toxicant in food oils

Cytochrome P450 Induction by Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Azaarenes, and Binary Mixtures in Fish Hepatoma Cell Line PLHC-1

Cytochrome P450 induction by nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azaarenes, and binary mixtures in fish hepatoma cell line PLHC‐1

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About