Choroid Plexus–Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulatory Dynamics: Impact on Brain Growth, Metabolism, and Repair

The formation of cerebrospinal fluid: Nearly a hundred years of interpretations and misinterpretations

“…The third reason why the choroid plexuses are considered to the main site of formation should be the fact that the observations mentioned so far were accompanied by a significant number of concurrent studies that pointed to CSF formation by the choroid plexuses (Dandy, 1919;de Rougemont et al, 1960;Pollay et al, 1972;Weed, 1914;Welch, 1963) , and the secretory character of the choroid plexuses was confirmed by the application of the molecular biological methods during the past two decades (Brown et al, 2004;Johanson, 2008;Kanaka et al, 2001;Li et al, 2002;Oshio et al, 2005;Praetorius et al, 2004;Speake et al, 2003;Watts et al, 1991;Zlokovic et al, 1993).…”

“…The secretory character of choroid plexuses that involves pumps, cotransporters and antiporters, ion channels and aquaporins has been confirmed during the past 15 years by the application of molecular biological methods (Brown et al, 2004;Johanson, 2008;Kanaka et al, 2001;Li et al, 2002;Oshio et al, 2005;Praetorius et al, 2004;Speake et al, 2003;Watts et al, 1991;Zlokovic et al, 1993).…”

“…Namely, if the choroid plexuses are removed, the patient will continue to live 39 without disturbance (Enchev and Oi, 2008;Pople and Ettles 1995;Wellons et al, 2002). We also know that it is a highly vascularized structure immerged into the brain ventricles' CSF, with an expressed active metabolic nature (Brown et al, 2004;Johanson, 2008;Kanaka et al, 2001;Li et al, 2002;Oshio et al, 2005). Based on all of this, it can be presumed that (in terms of evolution) by bringing the blood vessels in close contact (immersing into) with CSF this could accomplish a significant and fast exchange of matter between the blood and the CSF, and vice versa, with the purpose of supporting the maintenance of the biochemical balance of the CSF as an important physiological medium for normal CNS functioning.…”

“…Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a major part of the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system (CNS) and fine regulation of its composition is vital to the brain's health (Johanson, 2008;Redzic et al, 2005). The CSF has a number of important functions.…”

Lateral diffusion of manganese in the rat brain determined by T1 relaxation time measured by 1H MRI

“…Since Mn-bicine and Mn 2? can pass the ependymal layer of the ventricles [7], and part of the Mn 2? may bind with citrate and bicarbonate in the interstitial fluid [8,9], we have to consider the sum of diffusion of more than four types of manganese.…”