Choosing the best method to estimate the energy density of a population using food purchase data

Wrieden, W. L.; Armstrong, Julie; Anderson, Annie S.; Sherriff, Andrea; Barton, Karen

doi:10.1111/jhn.12227

Cited by 11 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…While energy intakes and percentage of energy from fat are similar across the social gradient, there is a significant difference in energy density calculated from foods and milk (29) . This may be due to less deprived households consuming a greater weight of food but with the same overall energy and fat composition (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Trends in socio-economic inequalities in the Scottish diet: 2001–2009

Barton

Wrieden

Sherriff

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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348 g), brown/ wholemeal bread (17 g, 26·5 g), breakfast cereals (16 g, 27 g) and oil-rich (21 g, 40 g) and white fish (77 g, 112 g) were lowest, and that of total bread highest (105 g, 91·5 g) in the most deprived compared with the least deprived households, respectively, for the period [2007][2008][2009]. With regard to nutrients, there was no association between deprivation and the percentage of food energy from total fat and saturated fat; however, non-milk extrinsic sugar intakes (15·5 %, 14·3 %) and energy density (741 kJ/100 g, 701 kJ/100 g) were significantly higher in the most deprived households. The slope and relative indices of inequality showed that inequalities in intakes between 2001 and 2009 have changed very little. Conclusions: There was no evidence to suggest that the difference in targeted food and nutrient intakes between the least and most deprived has decreased compared with previous years.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Trends in socio-economic inequalities in the Scottish diet: 2001–2009

Barton

Wrieden

Sherriff

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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“…ED (overall and by quintile) of the Scottish diet was estimated for each of the ED methods employed, and data were examined by year, deprivation category and HH composition. The results of this review are reported in a further paper ( 46 ) , but it was concluded that food and milk (718 kJ/100 g) was the most accurate reflection of all food consumed. As it is not possible to distinguish between milk purchased as a drink and milk incorporated into foods (e.g.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Kant & Graubard ( 42 ) also reported an association between higher income and lower ED as did Nichèle et al ( 44 ) and Ricciuto & Tarasuk ( 45 ) who calculated the ED of diets in French and Canadian populations, respectively. Wrieden et al ( 46 ) explored the possible ways by which ED of the Scottish diet could be calculated using the UK Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS)/UK Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF), and concluded that calculating ED from the food and milk consumed as reported by Prentice & Jebb ( 41 ) and used by the WCRF ( 6 ) (M Wiseman, personal communication) was prudent to ensure consistency of reporting and allow comparisons with previously reported dietary ED.…”

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confidence: 99%

Energy density of the Scottish diet estimated from food purchase data: relationship with socio-economic position and dietary targets

et al. 2014

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Frequent consumption of energy-dense foods has been strongly implicated in the global increase of obesity. The World Cancer Research Fund suggests a population-level energy density (ED) goal for diets of 523 kJ/100 g (125 kcal/100 g) as desirable for reducing weight gain and related co-morbidities. However, there is limited information about the ED of diets of contemporary populations. The aims of the present study were to (1) estimate the mean ED of the Scottish diet, (2) assess differences in ED over time by socio-economic position, by household (HH) composition and for HH meeting dietary targets for fat and fruit and vegetables, and (3) assess the relationship between ED and the consumption of foods and nutrients, which are indicative of diet quality. ED of the diet was estimated from food (including milk) from UK food purchase survey data. The average ED of the Scottish diet was estimated as 718 kJ/100 g with no change between the survey periods 2001 and 2009. Individuals living in the most deprived areas had a higher mean ED than those living in the least deprived areas (737 v. 696 kJ/100 g). Single-parent HH had the highest mean ED (765 kJ/100 g) of all the HH surveyed. The mean ED of HH achieving dietary targets for fat and fruit and vegetables was 576 kJ/100 g compared with 731 kJ/100 g for non-achievers. HH within the lowest quintile of ED were, on average, closest to meeting most dietary guidelines. Food purchase data can be used to monitor the quality of the diet in terms of dietary ED of the population and subgroups defined by an area-based measure of socio-economic status.Key words: Energy density: Obesity: Household purchase data: Socio-economic positionThe global prevalence of obesity has continued to increase over the last three decades, with the WHO (1) reporting a doubling in adult obesity between 1980 and 2008 to over half a billion (more than one-tenth of the world's adult population). In 2012, just under two-thirds (64·3 %) of adults in Scotland were classed as overweight or obese (2) , and this is one of the highest rates in the world (3) . It is well established that obesity increases the risk of many chronic conditions and is the most important avoidable risk factor for cancer after smoking (4,5) .ED is defined by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) as 'the amount of energy per unit weight of foods or diets. The units of measure are kilocalories (kcal) or kilojoules (kJ) per 100 grams (g)' (6) . Positive associations have been found between BMI and energy density (ED) of the diet (7 -17) , with individuals consuming higher energy-dense diets being more likely to be overweight or obese. Experimental data have demonstrated that ED can influence energy intake (18 -24) , with low energy-dense foods promoting satiety, reducing hunger and decreasing energy intake (25 -27) . Conversely, over consumption of energy-dense foods is likely to result in the consumption of excess energy and hence promote weight gain (28) . In addition, evidence from randomised controlled trials has highlig...

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“…Electronic scales and training were provided to ensure detailed descriptions, and consumed weights of foods and beverages were reported. Energy density was calculated from the contribution of all food and milks (excluded all other drinks) (total EI divided by total weight intake) based on criteria previously used ( 35 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low Energy–Dense Diet in the Context of a Weight-Management Program Affects Appetite Control in Overweight and Obese Women

Buckland

Camidge

Croden

et al. 2018

The Journal of Nutrition

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BackgroundLow energy–dense (LED) foods reduce energy intake (EI); whether this effect is sustained over time and during weight loss is unknown.ObjectiveThis trial examined the effects of LED compared with high energy–dense (HED) meals on appetite, EI, and control over eating in the laboratory and during a weight-management program that encourages unrestricted intake of LED foods [Slimming World, UK (SW)] compared with a self-led Standard Care program [NHS weight-loss plan (SC)].MethodsOverweight and obese women [n = 96; mean ± SD age: 41.03 ± 12.61 y; mean ± SD body mass index (in kg/m2): 34.00 ± 3.61] were recruited from the SW or SC programs. Primary outcomes included appetite, food preferences (liking and wanting for LED and HED foods), cravings, and evening meal EI (LED, HED) in response to calorie-matched LED (≤0.8 kcal/g) and HED (≥2.5 kcal/g) breakfast and lunch meals. Probe-day tests were conducted at weeks 3 and 4 and repeated at weeks 12 and 13 in a within-day crossover design. Secondary outcomes, including body weight and program experience, were measured from weeks 1 to 14 in a parallel-group design. Dietary compliance was monitored with the use of weighed food diaries at weeks 3 and 12.ResultsIntention-to-treat (ITT) and completers analyses showed that the SW group lost more weight than the SC group [ITT: −5.9% (95% CI: −4.7%, –7.2%) compared with −3.5% (−2.3%, −4.8%), P < 0.05; completers: −6.2% (−4.8%, −7.6%) compared with 3.9% (−2.5%, −5.2%), P < 0.05]. The SW group reported greater control over eating and more motivation to continue the program compared with the SC group. LED meals increased sensations of fullness and reduced hunger on probe days (P < 0.001). Total-day EI was 1057 ± 73 kcal less (95% CI: 912, 1203 kcal; 36%) under LED compared with HED conditions (P < .001). Liking for LED and HED foods and wanting for HED foods were lower before lunch under LED compared with HED conditions, and liking decreased to a greater extent after the LED lunch. The SW group reported fewer cravings under LED compared with HED conditions (P < 0.05). On probe days, appetite and EI outcomes did not differ between weeks 3 and 12 or between the SW and SC groups.ConclusionLED meals improve appetite control in women attempting weight loss and the effect is sustainable. Consumption of LED meals likely contributed to weight loss in the SW program. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02012426.

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Choosing the best method to estimate the energy density of a population using food purchase data

Abstract: Because the World Cancer Research Fund recommendations are based on ED from food and milk, it was considered prudent to use this method for policy purposes and for future monitoring work of the Scottish Diet to ensure consistency of reporting and comparability with other published studies.

Cited by 11 publications

References 30 publications

Trends in socio-economic inequalities in the Scottish diet: 2001–2009

Trends in socio-economic inequalities in the Scottish diet: 2001–2009

Energy density of the Scottish diet estimated from food purchase data: relationship with socio-economic position and dietary targets

A Low Energy–Dense Diet in the Context of a Weight-Management Program Affects Appetite Control in Overweight and Obese Women

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