Cholinergic mechanisms and alterations in behavioral suppression as factors producing time-dependent changes in avoidance performance.

Anisman, Hymie

doi:10.1037/h0034664

Cited by 44 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Ventral hippocampal lesions appear to reduce inhibitory tendencies in avoidance situations (see McCleary, 1966) while this ability of the hippocampus to inhibit behavior has been attributed to cholinergic systems (Carlton, 1969). Anisman (1973) suggested that cholinergic inhibition was responsible for retention deficits on intemlediate interval tests . The poor relearning performance on a I-h test in ventral-hippocampal lesioned rats observed in this experiment may indicate that the Kamin effect will occur in the absence of cholinergic inhibition.…”

Section: Retention Intervalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If inhibition alone was responsible for poor avoidance performance, inescapable shock should produce the Kamin effect, which of course it does not (e.g., Spear, Klein, & Riley, 1971). Second, ACTH reactivated appropriate avoidance behavior when presented prior to an intermediate interval test presumably during the period of parasympathetic inhibition (Klein, 1972) while Anisman (1973) was unable to demonstrate retention deficits on a 24-h test following physostigmine administration. If cholinergic inhibition is sufficient to produce the Kamin effect, physostigmine should induce retention deficits on 24-h tests .…”

Section: Retention Intervalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Kamin effect in hippocampal-lesioned animals

1975

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Ventral hippocampal and sham-operated rats were given one-way active-avoidance training follo\le d by relearning either 5 min, 1 h, or 24 h later. Both ventral hippocampal and sham-operated rats showed deficits in active-avoidance relearning performance 1 h after original avoidance acquisition. The failure of ventral hippocampal lesions to influence avoidance performance 1 h following original avoidance acquisition may indicate that neither the adrenal-pituitary nor the adrenergic-cholinergic systems are essential for the occurrence of the Kamin effect.

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Section: Retention Intervalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Retention Intervalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Kamin effect in hippocampal-lesioned animals

1975

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“…Rather, the long escape latencies of the Lh group in Experiment II may be most parsimoniously explained as due to a transient decrease in activity. Thus, these data contributed to an increasingly convincing body of data which suggests that the Kamin effect reflects a transient diminution in an animal's ability to perform an active response following stress (Anisman, 1973;Barrett, Leith, & Ray, 1971;Carlton, 1969;Manto, 1967;Pinel & Mucha, 1973;Sterenka & Barrett, 1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The Kamin effect has been suggested to reflect transient stress-induced changes in memory or motivational processes. The diverse hypotheses that characterize these interpretations have been summarized elsewhere (Anisman, 1973;Barrett, Leith,&Ray, 1971;Brush, 1971;Steranka & Barrett, 1973). The fact that escape latencies for the I-h group in Experiment II were reliably longer on retraining than on original training is not consistent with a memory interpretation of the Kamin effect (Grossman, 1967;Klein & Spear, 1970;Spear, Klein, & Riley, 1971).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shuttlebox avoidance to intense white noise: Acquisition and the Kamin effect in rats

Hughes

Brett

1976

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Experiment I demonstrated shuttlebox avoidance conditioning using intense white noise as a ues.Ten rats were given 25 trials a day for 6 days. Escape latencies declined and avoidance responses increased over trial blocks. Experiment II provided support for a functional similarity between shock as a ues and intense noise as a ues by demonstrating the Kamin effect following incomplete shuttlebox training to noise. Separate groups of rats were given 25 trials followed by an additional 25 trials either 0, 1, 4, or 24 h later. The U-shaped Kamin effect was evident in the avoidance measure. A similar but inverted U-shaped function was obtained for the escape latency measure. Escape latencies were longer on retraining than on original training at 1 h but not at 0, 4, or 24 h after original training.Intense noise has been used successfully to condition relatively simple escape and avoidance responses (Barnes & Kish, 1957; Campell, 1955). but attempts to condition more complex responses such as barpress escape or avoidance have been less successful (Barry & Harrison, 1957; Harrison & Abelson, 1959; Harrison & Tracy, 1955). The relatively modest degree of conditioning that has been reported in some situations may be a result of insufficient motivation provided by the noise stimulus (Campbell & Bloom, 1965), or to noise-elicited responses that are incompatible with the response to be conditioned (Bolles & Seelbach, 1964). This latter interpretation is similar to and consistent with Bolles (1971) analysis of the relationship between species-specific defense reactions (SSDRS) to shock and ease of conditioning. A functional similarity between noise and shock is evident in the fact that relatively simple escape and avoidance responses to shock, as is the case with noise, are rapidly conditioned, and more complex responses to shock, such as barpress escape or avoidance, as is the case with noise, are much more difficult to condition. On the other hand, shuttlebox avoidance to shock is more difficult to condition than escape or one-way avoidance and less difficult to condition than barpress escape or avoidance (Bolles, 1971). In this sense, shuttlebox avoidance appears to be of intermediate difficulty between escape and one-way avoidance conditioning and barpress conditioning.Shuttlebox avoidance using-noise as a ueshas not been reported, but if the similarity in the ease with which other responses to noise and to shock can be conditioned is more than coincidental, then shuttlebox avoidance using intense noise should be possible.The first purpose of the research to be reported was to examine shuttlebox avoidance in rats using intense Kamin (1957) reported that acquisition of an incompletely learned avoidance response to shock progresses more slowly at intermediate than at either brief or prolonged intervals after original training. Although this time-dependent U-shaped function (the Kamin effect) has been demonstrated a substantial number of times under a variety of conditions, the vast majority of replications has used shock ...

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Effects of anticholinergic drugs on learning and memory

Spencer

Lal

1983

Drug Development Research

103

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Spencer, Jr., D.G., and H. Lal: Effects of anticholinergic drugs on learning and memory. Drug Dev. Res. 3:489-502, 1983.Declines in cognitive function during normal aging and in dementic disorders have frequently been hypothesized to involve a decline in cholinergic transmission in the brain. Muscarinic cholinergic receptor blockade produces behavioral effects in animals reminiscent of aging-related performance deficits. The purpose of the present review is to analyze the results of previous behavioral experiments with antimuscarinic drugs in order to generate an hypothesis of the cognitive effects of rnuscarinic blockade. Given this hypothesis, it is suggested that experiments may be designed in which the antagonism of 490 Spencer and La1antimuscarinic drug effects may be used in the development of geriatric and antidementic drugs.

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Cholinergic mechanisms and alterations in behavioral suppression as factors producing time-dependent changes in avoidance performance.

Cited by 44 publications

References 38 publications

The Kamin effect in hippocampal-lesioned animals

The Kamin effect in hippocampal-lesioned animals

Shuttlebox avoidance to intense white noise: Acquisition and the Kamin effect in rats

Effects of anticholinergic drugs on learning and memory

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