Cholesterol Values in Free-Ranging Gorillas (Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla and Gorilla Beringei) and Bornean Orangutans (Pongo Pygmaeus)

Schmidt, Debra A.; Ellersieck, Mark R.; Cranfield, Michael R.; Karesh, William B.

doi:10.1638/05-040.1

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Captive apes have significantly higher cholesterol concentrations than those of their free-ranging counterparts, which may be affecting their cardiovascular health (Schmidt et al 2006), but appears not to be a problem with captive howlers. Although there is a significant difference between calculated and measured LDL cholesterol concentrations, it is not appropriate to use Friedewald's equation on samples from nonfasted individuals (Friedewald et al 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Nutritional Profiles of Free-Ranging Alouatta Caraya in Northern Argentina: Lipoproteins; Amino Acids; Vitamins A, D, and E; Carotenoids; and Minerals

et al. 2007

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Quantifying circulating nutrient concentrations in sera of free-ranging subjects will help to establish a basis from which we can evaluate the nutritional status and needs of the captive population. We collected serum samples from 26 free-ranging black-and-gold howlers (Alouatta caraya) in San Cayetano forest in northern Argentina. We analyzed them for concentrations of lipoproteins; amino Int J Primatol (acids; vitamins A, D, and E; carotenoids; and minerals. There are a few significant differences between sexes in concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, certain amino acids, vitamin E, lutein + zeaxanthin, and copper. Most nutritional parameters are similar to the ones measured in free-ranging Mexican mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata mexicana) and in captive New World primates (NWPs). Carotenoid, vitamin D, and phosphorus concentrations are the exceptions. Carotenoid concentrations are higher in free-ranging Alouatta caraya than reported for other free-ranging and captive species. Vitamin D concentrations are 14 times greater in the free-ranging black-and-gold howlers than in captive NWPs. Phosphorus concentrations are also higher than expected and higher than typically occur in captive primates, leading to a 1:1.6 calcium:phosphorus ratio. Because we based our study on a small number of free-ranging howlers, additional samples from different regions and throughout the year would better define desirable nutritional parameters for captive howlers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Nutritional Profiles of Free-Ranging Alouatta Caraya in Northern Argentina: Lipoproteins; Amino Acids; Vitamins A, D, and E; Carotenoids; and Minerals

et al. 2007

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“…In the area of lipid metabolism, plasma levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerol as well as lipoprotein concentrations have been measured for both wild and captive apes (Srinivasan et al, 1974; Baitchman et al, 2006; Schmidt et al 2006). As is the case in humans, the distribution of cholesterol associated primarily with either LDL or HDL varied with age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass spectral analyses of the two major apolipoproteins of great ape high density lipoproteins

Puppione¹,

Donna

Laganowsky

et al. 2009

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Pr

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The two major apolipoproteins associated with human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) high density lipoproteins (HDL) are apoA-I and dimeric apoA-II. Although humans are closely related to great apes, apolipoprotein data do not exist for bonobos (Pan paniscus), western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and the Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii). In the absence of any data, other great apes simply have been assumed to have dimeric apoA-II while other primates and most other mammals have been shown to have monomeric apoA-II. Using mass spectrometry, we have measured the molecular masses of apoA-I and apoA-II associated with the HDL of these great apes. Each was observed to have dimeric apoA-II. Being phylogenetically related, one would anticipate these apolipoproteins having a high percentage of invariant sequences when compared with human apolipoproteins. However, the orangutan, which diverged from the human lineage between 16 and 21 million years ago, had an apoA-II with the lowest monomeric mass, 8031.3 Da and the highest apoA-I value, 28311.7 Da, currently reported for various mammals. Interestingly, the gorilla that diverged from the lineage leading to the human-chimpanzee branch after the orangutan had almost identical mass values to those reported for human apoA-I and apoA-II. But chimpanzee and the bonobo that diverged more recently had identical apoA-II mass values that were slightly larger than reported for the human apolipoprotein. The chimpanzee A-I mass values were very close to those of humans; however, the bonobo had values intermediate to the molecular masses of orangutan and the other great apes. With the already existing genomic data for chimpanzee and the recent entries for the orangutan and gorilla, we were able to demonstrate a close agreement between our mass spectral data and the calculated molecular weights determined from the predicted primary sequences of the respective apolipoproteins. Post-translational modification of these apolipoproteins, involving truncation and oxidation of methionine, are also reported.

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“…In the 1995 dietary survey, a large proportion of responding zoos fed animal products, which are not reported in free‐ranging diets, except for invertebrates (i.e., termites, ants) [Tutin and Fernandez, ]. Moreover, captive gorillas exhibit higher high levels of cholesterol than wild gorillas [Schmidt et al, ]. In response, the gorilla SSP recommended the removal of animal products from zoo diets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition of the captive western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): A dietary survey

2014

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The successful management of captive animals requires attention to multiple interconnected factors. One critical aspect of the daily life of a captive animal is the recommended and/or provisioned diet. This study focuses on the diets of zoo-housed gorillas. A national survey of diets among zoo-housed gorillas was conducted to examine diets being offered to captive gorillas in the United States and Canada. This survey serves as a follow-up to a 1995 dietary survey of zoo-housed gorillas and goes further to quantify nutritional profiles at responding institutions. Results are encouraging, as zoos have made clear improvements in dietary nutrient profiles offered over the past 15 years. However, we suggest that zoological and sanctuary institutions follow Gorilla Species Survival Plan (SSP) recommendations and work to continuously improve diets provided, which could improve gorillas' health and well-being.

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Cholesterol Values in Free-Ranging Gorillas (Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla and Gorilla Beringei) and Bornean Orangutans (Pongo Pygmaeus)

Cited by 25 publications

References 22 publications

Serum Nutritional Profiles of Free-Ranging Alouatta Caraya in Northern Argentina: Lipoproteins; Amino Acids; Vitamins A, D, and E; Carotenoids; and Minerals

Serum Nutritional Profiles of Free-Ranging Alouatta Caraya in Northern Argentina: Lipoproteins; Amino Acids; Vitamins A, D, and E; Carotenoids; and Minerals

Mass spectral analyses of the two major apolipoproteins of great ape high density lipoproteins

Nutrition of the captive western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): A dietary survey

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