Cholesterol-lowering Effects of Unripe Black Raspberry Water Extract

Abstract

We investigated the effects of unripe black raspberry water extract (UBR-W) and oxidation-LDL treatment on cholesterol levels. Experiments using an established human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) showed a time-dependent increase in expression of LDL receptor after UBR-W treatment. Expression of LDL receptor-related genes, such as SREBP1 and 2, increased upon UBR-W treatment. However, expression of HDL-related genes was unaffected by UBR-W. HMG-CoA reductase activity was reduced by UBR-W treatment, whereas HMG-CoA mRNA expression significantly increased. In addition, the ApoB/ApoA1 mRNA level, which is a predictor of cardiovascular risk, was reduced in a time-dependent manner by UBR-W treatment. Macrophage-like cells (RAW 264.7) showed increased expression of ox-LDL-related genes, such as CD36, scavenger receptor-A, adipophilin, and PPAR-gamma, upon ox-LDL treatment compared to untreated control cells, and quantitative lipid analysis indicated a dramatic increase in lipid accumulation. However, UBR-W treatment significantly reduced expression of ox-LDL-related genes and largely prevented lipid accumulation. The results indicate that UBR-W mediates a cholesterol-lowering effect via inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and induction of LDL uptake through SREBP.

Effect ofRubus OccidentalisExtract on Metabolic Parameters in Subjects with Prediabetes: A Proof-of-concept, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial

“…Concentrates were lyophilized in a freeze dryer. Phenolic and flavonoid compound profiles of RO extract (unripe, extract with 50% ethanol) were analyzed as previously described (Choi et al ., ): ellagic acid 6,352 µg/g; gallic acid 484 µg/g; rutin 160 µg/g; quercetin 114 µg/g; ferulic acid 100 µg/g; caffeic acid 82 µg/g; luteolin 42 µg/g; myricetin 22 µg/g; and kaempferol 12 µg/g. Definite anthocyanins levels of RO extract investigated in this study were not available, although molecular profiles were presented in several previous studies (Lee et al ., ).…”

The cholesterol-lowering effect of unripe Rubus coreanus is associated with decreased oxidized LDL and apolipoprotein B levels in subjects with borderline-high cholesterol levels: a randomized controlled trial

“…uRC exerts a cholesterol-lowering effect due to its functionally active compounds. According to Choi et al [ 20 ], the components of uRC were analyzed as physiologically active substances. Ellagic acid was reported to be the most abundant ingredient, and the ellagic acid content of unripe fruit was approximately seven-fold higher than ripe fruit [ 47 ].…”

“…Rubus croreanus Miquel (black raspberry, RC) is part of the Rosaceae family and grows in the Republic of Korea [ 18 ]. The extract of RC contains abundant levels of various natural components, such as ellagic acids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, organic acids, tyrosol, and resveratrol [ 19 , 20 ]. These pharmaceutically active components exert antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic effects [ 21 – 24 ].…”

Comparison of antiaging, anti‐melanogenesis effects, and active components of Raspberry ( Rubus occidentalis L.) extracts according to maturity

“…These effects are due to various polyphenolic ingredients contained in raspberry. Previous studies (Choi et al, 2013) reported differences in the content of bioactive substances such as caffeic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, and quercetin in raspberry according to maturity. As a result, the content of ellagic acid was the highest among the various components, and its content was higher in uRo than Ro.…”