Chlorpromazine: Direct Measurement of Differential Behavioral Effect

Hollis, John H.

doi:10.1126/science.159.3822.1487

Cited by 36 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…A within-subject reversal design was used. These designs have proven productive in laboratory psychopharmacological studies with animals (e.g., Dews, 1971;Laties & Weiss, 1969;Thompson & Schuster, 1968) and in clinical studies with humans (e.g., Ayllon, Layman, & Kandel, 1975;Christensen, 1975;Hollis, 1968;Liberman, Davis, Moon, & Moore, 1973). Within-subject comparisons are particularly important in the study of drugs on behavior (Liberman & Davis, 1975) because, as Sulzbacher (1972) and Sprague and Sleator (1975) have pointed out, each person may react to medication idiosyncratically.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Withdrawal of Chronic Chlorpromazine Medication: An Experimental Analysis

Marholin

1979

J of App Behav Analysis

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Approximately 50% of all institutionalized, mentally retarded adults receive psychotropic medication to control inappropriate behavior. In this study, behaviors exhibited by five retarded adults were formally observed while they were on and off medication. Each subject had been receiving chlorpromazine for six or more years prior to the start of the study. The drug was withdrawn and readministered using a double-blind B-A-B (drug placebo-drug) design. Effects were highly individualized. Some desirable behavior emerged when chlorpromazine was discontinued.

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confidence: 99%

Withdrawal of Chronic Chlorpromazine Medication: An Experimental Analysis

Marholin

1979

J of App Behav Analysis

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“…Thorazine, in turn, eliminated rocking responses in the brief extinction period. In a study of two retardates, Baumeister and Forehand (1971) supported Hollis's (1968) finding that self-stimulation was eliminated during brief operant reinforcement sessions, but another report (Hollis, 1 1973, 6, 1-14 NUMBER 1 (SPRING 1973) unpublished) showed that this displacement by operant reinforcement was not effective for three of six retardates. Davis, Sprague, and Werry (1969) found that another tranquilizer (Thoridozine) decreased by about one-third the self-stimulatory behavior of institutionalized retardates.…”

Section: Reducing Self-stimulatory Behaviormentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Mulhern and Baumeister (1969) reduced by about one-third the "rocking" behavior of two retardates by reinforcing the behavior of sitting still. Hollis (1968) conditioned a selfstimulating retardate to pull a ball under fixedratio reinforcement (FR 100). The self-stimulation was eliminated for the brief 10-min periods during ball-pulling but returned to its original rate under an extinction condition.…”

Section: Reducing Self-stimulatory Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

THE ELIMINATION OF AUTISTIC SELF‐STIMULATORY BEHAVIOR BY OVERCORRECTION¹

Foxx¹,

Azrin²

1973

J of App Behav Analysis

401

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No method is in general usage and of demonstrated effectiveness in eliminating the self-stimulatory behaviors of retardates and autistics. An Overcorrection rationale was used to develop such a method. The Overcorrection procedures consisted of a period of practice in the correct mode of the behavior contingent upon self-stimulatory behavior. The procedures were applied in a behavioral day-care program to three retarded children and one autistic child who exhibited object-mouthing, hand-mouthing, head-weaving and hand-clapping. For some behaviors, comparisons were made between the Overcorrection procedure and several alternative procedures, such as physical punishment by a slap, reinforcement for nonself-stimulatory behavior, a distasteful solution painted on the hand of a hand-mouther, and free reinforcement. The Overcorrection procedures eliminated the self-stimulatory behaviors of all four children in tutorial sessions and during the entire school day and were more effective than the alternative procedures in eliminating self-stimulation. The Overcorrection procedures appear to be rapid, enduring, and effective methods of eliminating self-stimulatory behavior.

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“…There is experimental evidence that such children may respond positively to drug therapy, for example with chlorpromazine (Hollis 1968).…”

Section: Specijic Clinical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary Control of Stereotyped Behaviour by Mentally Retarded Children: Preliminary Experimental Findings

Pohl¹

1977

Develop Med Child Neuro

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SUMMARY Rhythm is a typical feature of many of the stereotyped behaviours shown by mentally retarded, autistic and blind children. The rhythm of stereotyped behaviour has been conceived neurologically as an expression of involuntary activity of the central nervous system. To test this hypothesis, operant conditioning methods were used in an attempt to synchronise the rhythm of chronic body rocking to a visual pacemaker in three severely retarded children. Under comparable experimental conditions, complete synchronisation of the rocking rhythm was demonstrated for one child, no synchronisation for the second, and intermittent synchronisation for the third child. The results suggest that different children with the same form of stereotyped movements may vary extremely in the extent of voluntary control they can exert on the rhythm of their body rocking. Furthermore, a child may also produce extreme variations in the volitional control of rhythm during body rocking, independent of his motivational state. The theoretical implications and clinical significance of these findings are discussed. RÉSUMÉ Les enfants retardés mentaux peuvent‐ils contrôler volontairement le rythme de leur balancement corporel. Données expérimentales préliminates Le rythme est une caractéristique typique de nombreux comportements stéréotypés présentérs par des enfants retardés mentaux, autistiques et aveugles. Le rythme du comportement stéréotypé a été considéré neurologiquement comme l̂expression d̂une activité involontaire du système nerveux central. Pour valider cette hypothèse des méthodes de conditionnement opératoire ont été utilisées avec le but de synchroniser le rythme du balancement chronique du corps avec un stimulus visuel répétitif et rythmé chez trois enfants gravement retardés mentaux. Dans des conditions expérimentales comparables, une synchronisation complète du rythme de balancement a été démontrée chez un enfant, l̂absence de démonstration chez un autre et une synchronisation intermittente chez le troisième. Les résultats suggèrent que différents enfants avec les mêmes formes de mouvements stéréotypes peuvent présenter des variations très importantes concernant l̂étendue du contrôle volontaire qu'ils peuvent exercer sur le rythme de leur balancement corporel. De plus des variations extrêmes peuvent se produire chez un enfant dans le contrôle volontaire de rythme de balancement, indépendamment de l̂état de motivation. Les implications théoriques et la signification clinique de ces données sont discutées. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Können geistig retardierte Kinder den Rhythmus der Schaukelbewegungen ihres Körpers willkürlich kontrollieren? Vorläufige Untersuchungs‐befunde Rhythmus ist ein typisches Merkmal vieler stereotyper Verhaltensmuster bei geistig retardierten, autistischen und blinden Kindern. Der Rhythmus stereotyper Verhaltensmuster ist neurologisch als Ausdruck unwillkürlicher Aktivität des Zentralnervensystems angesehen worden. Um diese Hypothese zu testen, wurde bei drei geistig schwer retardiert...

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Chlorpromazine: Direct Measurement of Differential Behavioral Effect

Cited by 36 publications

References 6 publications

Withdrawal of Chronic Chlorpromazine Medication: An Experimental Analysis

Withdrawal of Chronic Chlorpromazine Medication: An Experimental Analysis

THE ELIMINATION OF AUTISTIC SELF‐STIMULATORY BEHAVIOR BY OVERCORRECTION¹

Voluntary Control of Stereotyped Behaviour by Mentally Retarded Children: Preliminary Experimental Findings

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Chlorpromazine: Direct Measurement of Differential Behavioral Effect

Cited by 36 publications

References 6 publications

Withdrawal of Chronic Chlorpromazine Medication: An Experimental Analysis

Withdrawal of Chronic Chlorpromazine Medication: An Experimental Analysis

THE ELIMINATION OF AUTISTIC SELF‐STIMULATORY BEHAVIOR BY OVERCORRECTION1

Voluntary Control of Stereotyped Behaviour by Mentally Retarded Children: Preliminary Experimental Findings

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THE ELIMINATION OF AUTISTIC SELF‐STIMULATORY BEHAVIOR BY OVERCORRECTION¹