Chloroplast storage with retention of photosynthetic activities

Loss of Adenosine Triphosphate Synthesis Caused by Freezing and Its Relationship to Frost Hardiness Problems

“…Uncoupling is prevented by the addition of sugars prior to freezing. Preservation of phosphorylatory activity after freezing of chloroplasts in sucrose solutions has already been observed by Jagendorf and Avron (16) and recently by Duane and Krogmann (6). Two per cent sucrose (roughly 0.05 M) in the solution is sufficient to afford complete protection against uncoupling ( fig 1) and other sugars are also effective (table II).…”

Cold Storage of Isolated Class C Chloroplasts

“…ref. 7 BSA (10 mg/ml) was an efficient protective for short storage times at 0 C (13,23) and even superior to the cryoprotectives used here. At -20 C it became less effective and at very low temperatures it did not afford any protection (data not shown).…”

“…Isolated broken chloroplasts from higher plants rapidly lose their photosynthetic activities when stored in the usual preparation medium (10,13,22,23) even at low temperatures (11,22). The most successful method for stabilizing activities has been a storage at low temperatures (-20 C and below), using laborious procedures for rapid freezing and thawing (7) and special protective mixtures (13,17), the favored cryoprotective being glycerol (2,4,19,23). We felt that there is little systematic information (2,13,19,23) to yield conclusions reaching beyond the limits of a particular case.…”

Progress in the chilling and freezing of foods

“…It is later suggested (p. 199) that the protective action of sugars may be specifically exercised on lipoprotein systems ; the grana of the chloroplast, where these phosphorylating processes are carried out, is conspicuously one such system. Addition of sugars prior to freezing prevents this uncoupling (Jagendorff & Avron, 1958;Duane & Krogmann, 1963). The mitochondria, whose membranes are similarly composed of lipoprotein-laminated systems, may be protected in the same way.…”