Chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants

Hörtensteiner, Stefan; Kräutler, Bernhard

doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.12.007

Cited by 608 publications

(577 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…These results agree only in parts with the actual knowledge on the chlorophyll breakdown path (Schelbert et al 2009;Hörtensteiner and Kräutler 2011). According to it, chlorophyll b is reduced to chlorophyll a , which is transformed to pheophytin a .…”

Section: Pigment Composition Varies Over Declining Total Chlorophyll supporting

confidence: 63%

“…One has to consider here, that the above mentioned breakdown pathway is proposed to be valid for leave tissue only. For fruits, the catabolites chlorophyllide a and pheophorbide a (which we could not extract in sufficient concentrations) are assumed to follow the reduced chlorophyll a instead of pheophytin a (Hörtensteiner and Kräutler 2011). However, a recent study on ripening kiwis (both 'stay-green' and yellowing varieties; Pilkington et al 2012) revealed the presence of the enzyme pheophytin pheophorbide hydrolase in increasing amounts towards fruit maturity.…”

Section: Pigment Composition Varies Over Declining Total Chlorophyll mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The enzyme catalyses the transformation of pheophytin a into pheophorbide a (Schelbert et al 2009;Aiamla-or et al 2012), suggesting pheophytin a occurring as catabolite also in fruits. Overall, the chlorophyll degradation process is complex and incompletely explored (Hörtensteiner and Kräutler 2011;Saga and Tamiaki 2012), and studies on fruits in particular are underrepresented (Barry 2009). Thus, chlorophyll breakdown processes might vary among the studied fruit types and tissue, considering for example that the stem-derived epidermis and cortex in apple are histologically not comparable with the carpel-derived exocarp and pericarp in mango and tomato.…”

Section: Pigment Composition Varies Over Declining Total Chlorophyll mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, a detailed analysis of spectral-optical readings of chlorophyll breakdown may lead to more specific indicators for fruit ripeness. According to the most recent review by Hörtensteiner and Kräutler (2011), the enzymatic reduction of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a is an early crucial step in chlorophyll breakdown in fruits. Following dephytylation leads to the separation from the chlorophyllbinding protein and the formation of chlorophyllide a that is transformed into pheophorbide a by demetallation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spectral shift as advanced index for fruit chlorophyll breakdown

Seifert

Pflanz

Zude

2013

Food Bioprocess Technol

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The decline of fruit chlorophyll is a valuable indicator of fruit ripeness. Fruit chlorophyll content can be nondestructively estimated by UV/VIS spectroscopy at fixed wavelengths. However, this approach cannot explain the complex changes in chlorophyll catabolism during fruit ripening. We introduce the apparent peak position of the red band chlorophyll absorption as a new qualitative spectral indicator. Climacteric fruit (apple: n =24, mango: n =38, tomato: n =48) were analysed at different ripeness stages. The peak position and corresponding intensity values were determined between 650 and 690 nm of nondestructively measured fruit spectra as well as of corresponding spectra of fruit extracts. In the extracts, individual contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, pheophytin a and carotenoids were analysed photometrically, using an established iterative multiple linear regression approach. Nondestructively measured peak positions shifted unimodal in all three fruit species with significant shifts between fruit ripeness classes of maximal 2.00±0.27 nm (mean ± standard error) in tomato and 0.57±0.11 nm in apple. Peak positions in extract spectra were related to varying pigment ratios (R max =−0.91), considering individual pigments in the pool. The peak intensities in both spectral readings, nondestructive and fruit extracts, were correlated with absolute chlorophyll contents with R max = −0.84 and R max =1.00, respectively. The introduced spectral marker of the apparent peak position of chlorophyll absorbance bears the potential for an advanced information gain from nondestructive spectra for the determination of fruit ripeness.

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Section: Pigment Composition Varies Over Declining Total Chlorophyll supporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Pigment Composition Varies Over Declining Total Chlorophyll mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pigment Composition Varies Over Declining Total Chlorophyll mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Spectral shift as advanced index for fruit chlorophyll breakdown

Seifert

Pflanz

Zude

2013

Food Bioprocess Technol

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“…The initial fall decrease in the PRI to values lower than the normal winter background may have been attributed to the breakdown of chlorophyll during senescence [43]; the more rapid breakdown of chlorophylls than carotenoids during senescence [44] alters chlorophyll/carotenoid ratios, to which the PRI is sensitive. The lower values of the PRI seen in L. laricina during winter periods compared to the broad-leaf deciduous species was likely due to the persistence of leaf litter on the top of the pots following senescence, causing lower values than was seen with bare soil.…”

Section: Seasonal Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parallel Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthesis, Fluorescence, and Reflectance Indices in Boreal Trees

2017

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Tree species in the boreal forest cycle between periods of active growth and dormancy alter their photosynthetic processes in response to changing environmental conditions. For deciduous species, these changes are readily visible, while evergreen species have subtler foliar changes during seasonal transitions. In this study, we used remotely sensed optical indices to observe seasonal changes in photosynthetic activity, or photosynthetic phenology, of six boreal tree species. We evaluated the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI), and steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence (F S ) as a measure of solar-induced fluorescence (SIF), and compared these optical metrics to gas exchange to determine their efficacy in detecting seasonal changes in plant photosynthetic activity. The NDVI and PRI exhibited complementary responses. The NDVI paralleled photosynthetic phenology in deciduous species, but not in evergreens. The PRI closely paralleled photosynthetic activity in evergreens, but less so in deciduous species. The CCI and F S tracked photosynthetic phenology in both deciduous and evergreen species. The seasonal patterns of optical metrics and photosynthetic activity revealed subtle differences across and within functional groups. With the CCI and fluorescence becoming available from satellite sensors, they offer new opportunities for assessing photosynthetic phenology, particularly for evergreen species, which have been difficult to assess with previous methods.

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Senescence in Plants

McCabe

2017

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Plant senescence is the final stage of development during which the plant recycles the valuable cellular building blocks that have been deposited in the leaves and other parts of the plant during growth. These reusable nutrients are then stored in the plant until they can be used in new growth or sent to the seed to provide a nutrient store for the next generation. Maintaining an efficient senescence process is therefore essential for the fitness of the plant or its seed. Senescence is a complex, highly regulated process that requires new gene expression and involves the interactions of many signalling pathways. In crops inappropriately timed senescence can reduce final crop yield, and in many vegetable crops significant postharvest loss is due to senescence. Unravelling the regulatory mechanisms that underlie senescence may have significant impact on increasing future food production. Key Concepts Plant senescence is a recycling process. Senescence confers an adaptive advantage to a plant increasing its fitness or reproductive success. Initiating senescence triggers a regulated series of events that dismantle, degrade and then mobilise valuable cellular processes. The majority of a leaf protein and lipid component is in the chloroplast and it undergoes dramatic structural changes during senescence. Chlorophyll needs to be rapidly degraded during senescence to ensure cells do not die due to phototoxicity. Proteins degraded during senescence release valuable nitrogen and other minerals for mobilisation. Thousands of genes are involved in the regulation of senescence. Most of the major plant hormones have roles in the regulation of senescence.

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Chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants

Cited by 608 publications

References 137 publications

Spectral shift as advanced index for fruit chlorophyll breakdown

Spectral shift as advanced index for fruit chlorophyll breakdown

Parallel Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthesis, Fluorescence, and Reflectance Indices in Boreal Trees

Senescence in Plants

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