“…Since a second operation upon the bile duct is hazardous, several non-surgical approaches to therapy, including dissolution of the stones by instillation of substances through the T-tube (Pribram, 1947;Torresyap, 1958) and removal of the stones by instrumentation through the T-tube, have been proposed (Bean and Mahorner, 1972;Burhenne, 1973).…”