Chlorinated hydrocarbons in pine needles in Europe: fingerprint for the past and recent use

Calamari, D.; Tremolada, Paolo; Guardo, Antonio Di; Vighi, Marco

doi:10.1021/es00052a014

Cited by 96 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…During the late 1980s and early 1990s lindane was also banned or severely restricted in most of Europe, but a limited usage of this insecticide is expected to go on for specific crops (sugar beet). In Italy, however, there are several examples of a comparable level of the two isomers (α-HCH/ γ-HCH ratio close to 1) (Calamari et al 1994;Villa et al 2003b), data from this work and others from literature (Finizio et al 2006) indicating a major proportion of γ-HCH.…”

Section: Pop Contamination Levels In the Alps And The Andessupporting

confidence: 47%

“…The histogram of compound composition in a relatively homogeneous area make it possible to present synthetically the contamination fingerprint of the site, and to provide immediately much important information, such as the age of the contamination, proximity to possible emission sources and prevailing global distribution phenomena (Calamari et al 1994). More recently, Hageman et al (2006) proposed a quantitative method for estimating the regional source contribution over the total contamination.…”

Section: Regional Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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POPs in Mountain Soils from the Alps and Andes: Suggestions for a ‘Precipitation Effect’ on Altitudinal Gradients

Tremolada

Villa

Bazzarin

et al. 2007

Water Air Soil Pollut

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POPs are still a priority environmental problem, but can be used as a scientific tool for understanding the distribution phenomena. Both high mountains and polar areas are seen as priority zones for contamination studies. In this context, two altitudinal series of soil samples were analysed for several classes of Persistent Organic Pollutants (PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, HCB and chlordane). Two transects were carried outone in the Peruvian Andes (Cordillera Blanca) and the other in the Italian Alps (Mount Legnone). In these two areas, POP composition and levels both gave different results, linked to regional emission history. The Italian samples were characterized by high levels of industrial type compounds, and by surprisingly high DDT contamination, due to a defined consistent local source in Northern Italy. The Peruvian samples, on the other hand, were characterized by generally low POP levels with relatively high DDT contamination. The concentration increase in line with elevation was evident only in the Italian transect, where higher precipitation intensities and an increasingly higher precipitation gradient in accordance with altitude was found present. Precipitations are considered a key factor for enhancing the condensation effect at high altitudes and for reducing summer revolatilisation, as they lower soil temperature. In the Italian altitudinal gradient, evidence of fractionation processes, with a shift of the PCB composition towards less chlorinated congeners, and a vegetation effect with a mean woodland/grassland enrichment factor between 2 and 4 were also observed.

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Section: Pop Contamination Levels In the Alps And The Andessupporting

confidence: 47%

Section: Regional Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

POPs in Mountain Soils from the Alps and Andes: Suggestions for a ‘Precipitation Effect’ on Altitudinal Gradients

Tremolada

Villa

Bazzarin

et al. 2007

Water Air Soil Pollut

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“…The metabolites/ parent compound ratio is considered a measure of the 'age' of the contamination (Calamari et al 1994), and among the metabolites, p,p′-DDD is known to be preferentially formed in the anaerobic condition of sediments while p,p′-DDE is formed through aerobic metabolism. Since the late 1970, when the agricultural use of DDT was banned in most industrialized countries, temporal changes in the metabolite/parent compound ratio have been observed in many lentic environments, such as the Great Lakes (de Vault et al 1996;Renaud et al 1999;Marvin et al 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Dependent Bioaccumulation of Organochlorine Compounds in Fish and their Selective Biotransformation in Top Predators from Lake Maggiore (Italy)

Volta¹,

Tremolada

Neri

et al. 2008

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Fish and piscivorous bird eggs collected in 2003 from Lake Maggiore (Italy), were analysed for PCB and DDT contamination. Lake Maggiore has been severely polluted by DDT through production of the pesticide within its catchment. Although agricultural application of DDT was banned in Italy in the 1978, industrial production continued until 1996, with enough contamination of water and soil for serious bioaccumulation in the lake biota. PCB and DDT concentrations in a whitefish (Coregonus macrophthalmus Nusslin 1882) were seen to be dependent on season and fish age, but not on sex. The average increase of the lipid-normalised concentration of DDTs and PCBs was two-fold across season and also across age, resulting in an overall increase of four fold. The seasonal variation was related to the ecophysiological cycle of the fish and to the contamination dynamic of the lake, while the effect of the fish age was explained on the base of biomagnificationrelated mechanisms. A fugacity model was applied to predict the age-dependent bioaccumulation potential of PCBs, whose concentrations were rather stable in recent years in the lake. Predicted values for compounds with negligible biotransformation were in good agreement with experimental data (calculated vs. experimental mean difference of 14%), and a relationship between the increase of experimental agedependent concentration and K ow was observed. The good correspondence between the predicted and the measured values for most PCB congeners confirmed the general inability of fishes to biotransform these compounds. On the contrary, the importance of biotransformation processes was recognised in birds; eggs of a fish eating bird (Podiceps cristatus) from the same area selectively bioaccumulated p,p′-DDE. For PCBs, congener 149 appears to be completely metabolized by the bird species, and congeners 95, 101, 132, 151 and 174 were reduced as well. The role of the meta-para free position on at least one phenyl ring of PCB congeners in biotransformation processes was confirmed.

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“…HCB levels in the needles in China are similar to those (1.4-30 ng/g dry wt.) in Europe (Calamari et al, 1994;Holoubek et al, 2007), but are generally higher than those in Africa and Canada (Davidson et al, 2004;Tremolada et al, 1993) (Table 6). …”

Section: Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Hexachlorobenzene sources, levels and human exposure in the environment of China

Guang

Lü

Han

et al. 2010

Environment International

105

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oThis article summarizes the published scientific data on sources, levels and human exposure of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in China. Potential sources of unintended HCB emission were assessed by production information, emission factors and environmental policies. HCB was observed in various environmental compartments in China. HCB levels increased from South China to North China in most of environmental compartments (air, soil and mussel). Some hotspots were identified near the factories producing and using HCB. In terms of spatial distribution, HCB concentrations in air and shellfish showed much variation, which indicated some primary emission sources in China. HCB levels in air and human milk in China were relatively higher than those in other countries, but HCB levels in other compartments were similar to those in Europe and other countries in Eastern Asia. In the limited studies on temporal trends of HCB levels in China, HCB concentrations in air, sediment, fish and human milk did not show a consistent downward trend. Although HCB levels in food and human milk does not pose a health risk in China at present, long-term exposure to HCB should not be overlooked.

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Chlorinated hydrocarbons in pine needles in Europe: fingerprint for the past and recent use

Cited by 96 publications

References 6 publications

POPs in Mountain Soils from the Alps and Andes: Suggestions for a ‘Precipitation Effect’ on Altitudinal Gradients

POPs in Mountain Soils from the Alps and Andes: Suggestions for a ‘Precipitation Effect’ on Altitudinal Gradients

Age-Dependent Bioaccumulation of Organochlorine Compounds in Fish and their Selective Biotransformation in Top Predators from Lake Maggiore (Italy)

Hexachlorobenzene sources, levels and human exposure in the environment of China

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