Chloride Extraction and Realkalization of Reinforced Concrete Stop Steel Corrosion

Velivasakis, Emmanuel E.; Henriksen, Sten K.; Whitmore, David

doi:10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(1998)12:2(77)

Cited by 30 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…A rectangular plastic fame of 3 cm height was placed over the hole. Poultice of kaolin clay and CaCO 3 (as described in [5]) was filled into the frame. On Fig.…”

Section: Electrokinetic Desalination Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of electrokinetic methods for chloride removal from concrete was initiated in the early 1970s in the United States by the Federal highway Administration [3]. An overview of the methods for concrete repair can be found in [3,4] and some case studies described in [5]. Good results have previously been obtained with this method for desalination of bricks and sandstones and removal percentages for NaCl from single bricks of 99% have been obtained in laboratory scale [6] and further encouraging results have been obtained in a pilot scale experiment with a salt contaminated masonry of an old house [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrokinetic desalination of glazed ceramic tiles

2010

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Electrokinetic desalination is a method where an applied electric DC field is the driving force for removal of salts from porous building materials. In the present paper, the method is tested in laboratory scale for desalination of single ceramic tiles. In a model system, where a tile was contaminated with NaCl during submersion and subsequently desalinated by the method, the desalination was completed in that the high and problematic initial Clconcentration was reduced to an unproblematic concentration. Further conductivity measurements showed a very low conductivity in the tile after treatment, indicating that supply of ions from the poultice at the electrodes into the tile was limited. Electroosmotic transport of water was seen when low ionic content was reached. Experiments were also conducted with XVIII-century tiles, which had been removed from Palacio Centeno (Lisbon) during renovation due to damage of the glazing from the presence of salts. These tiles were severely contaminated with both chlorides and nitrates, and one of the tiles also contained sulphates though at a low concentration. The charge transfer was too low in the experiments to obtain full desalination, but promising results were obtained as significant decreases ([81% Cl -, *59% NO 3 -and *22% SO 4 2-) were seen.

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“…A rectangular plastic fame of 3 cm height was placed over the hole. Poultice of kaolin clay and CaCO 3 (as described in [5]) was filled into the frame. On Fig.…”

Section: Electrokinetic Desalination Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrokinetic desalination of glazed ceramic tiles

2010

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“…AC currents are far less detrimental than DC currents, even at high current densities of 50 A/m 2 . In contrast, DC would dramatically decrease bond strength within a few months at current density levels between 1 and 10 A/m 2 (Bertolini et al 2007, Duranceau et al 2011, Velivasakis et al 1998, Chang 2003, Marcotte et al 1999. The presence of even small amounts of chlorides e.g.…”

Section: Technical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical, Electrical and Microstructural Properties of Cement-Based Materials in Conditions of Stray Current Flow

Susanto

Koleva

Çopuroğlu

et al. 2013

ACT

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This investigation presents a comparative study on mechanical properties, electrical resistivity and microstructure of mortar under DC current, compared to mortar in rest (no current) conditions. Monitoring was performed from 24h after casting until 84 days of cement hydration. A current density level of 10 mA/m 2 was chosen as a simulation regime. It was found that the DC current exerts microstructural changes in the bulk mortar matrix and thereby affects electrical properties and mechanical performance. Whereas the latter were slightly influenced, the former were modified to a more significant extent; the current flow was found to cause initial densification of the bulk matrix at earlier stages (until 14 days of age), whereas coarsening of the material was observed after 56 and until 84 days of cement hydration. Additionally, numerical simulation of the stray current distribution is performed, meant to serve as a basis for further elaborated modelling of the level of current density that could exert significant microstructural alterations in a bulk cement-based matrix.

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“…It is well-known that along with chloride extraction, hydroxyl ions are also produced around a steel cathode [22][23][24]. This leads to a rise in the pH level and re-establishes the corrosion protection properties of concrete without affecting its quality or appearance [22].…”

Section: Chloride-removal Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%