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Electrodialytic soil remediation is a newly developed method for removal of heavy metal from polluted soil. The method is based on a combination of the electrokinetic movement of ions in soil with the principle of electrodialysis. The principle was tested in six experiments using laboratory cells on a copper-polluted Danish loamy sand. The duration of the experiments was varied, and the development of concentration profiles in the soil after the remediation was investigated for two different dc currents (0.1 and 0.2 mA/ cm 2 of soil). The rate of Cu removal was about doubled when doubling the current. It was found that Cu content was reduced to a level below 100 mg of Cu/kg of dry soil in the section closest to the anode and that the Cu removed was accumulated in the next section in the direction of the cathode. The accumulation zone was moving in the direction of the cathode during the application of an electric current. When the remediation ended, all Cu could be found in the cathode compartment, and results showed that it was possible to decontaminate the soil from 1360 to below 40 mg of Cu/kg of dry soil.

Waste of wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is expected to increase in volume over the next decades. Alternative disposal options to landfilling are becoming more attractive to study, especially those that promote reuse. The authors have studied the electrodialytic removal of Cu, Cr, and As from CCA-treated timber waste. The method uses a low-level direct current as the "cleaning agent", combining the electrokinetic movement of ions in the matrix with the principle of electrodialysis. The technique was tested in four experiments using a laboratory cell on sawdust of an out-of-service CCA-treated Pinus pinaster Ait. pole. The duration of all the experiments was 30 days, and the current density was kept constant at 0.2 mA/ cm 2 . The experiments differ because in one the sawdust was saturated with water (experiment 1) and in the rest it was saturated with oxalic acid, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% (w/w), respectively, in experiments 2-4. The highest removal rates obtained were 93% of Cu, 95% of Cr, and 99% of As in experiment 2. Other experimental conditions might possibly optimize the removal rates.

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Electrodialytic remediation of heavy metal polluted soil is a method which combines the technique of electrodialysis with the electromigration of ions in the polluted soil. Results from laboratory-scale remediation experiments of soil samples from three real contaminated sites with di †erent heavy metals are presented. In the three cases it was possible to mobilize and reduce the amount of the pollutants in the soil. The pollutants were (1) copper and chromium, (2) mercury and (3) copper, lead and zinc. For a loamy sand polluted with copper and chromium it was possible to decontaminate the soil to an extent lower than the recommended critical values for metal concentration in soil. Parameters that were identiÐed as important for the efficiency of the electrodialytic remediation method were pH in the soil, lime content and speciation of the heavy metal.

In this study a pilot plant for electrodialytic treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) air pollution control (APC) residue was tested and proposed as a treatment method which can lead to reuse of this otherwise hazardous waste. The pilot plant was developed based on a design that is adapted from conventional electrodialysis, e.g. used in desalination of solutions. The APC residue was treated in a suspension (8 kg APC residue and 80 L tap water) and circulated through an electrodialytic (ED) stack consisting of 50 cell pairs separated by ion exchange membranes. A direct current was applied to the ED stack for removal of heavy metals (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and salts (Cl, Na, SO 4 ) from the APC residue suspension. Different tank designs for mixing the APC residue suspension were tested as well as changing experimental conditions. A part of the raw experimental APC residue was carbonated by reaction with CO 2 under moist conditions prior to electrodialytic treatment. The carbonation alone reduced the leaching of some heavy metals. However, it was not sufficient to reduce the heavy metal or salt leaching to meet the Danish Category 3 guideline levels for waste material reuse and could not stand as a treatment method alone. Leaching of both heavy metals and salts were significantly reduced by the electrodialytic treatment for both the raw and carbonated APC residue. In the electrodialytically treated carbonated APC residue only Cr exceeded the Category 3 levels while in the electrodialytically treated raw APC residue both Pb and Zn leaching exceeded the Category 3. Optimization of the electrodialytic upgrading method is necessary to meet the Category 3 levels for all heavy metals. Removal of Na and SO 4 to below the Category 3 leaching levels were obtained in all the experiments. Cl removal was not sufficient in all experiments even if up to 1 kg of Cl was removed, the optimal conditions for Cl removal was a constant current of 5 A over the ED stack. The results of this study suggest that, with some optimization, electrodialytic upgrading, possibly in combination with carbonation, could be used as a treatment method for MSWI APC residue.