Chlorambucil-Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Drug Delivery System for Leukemia Cancer Cells

Abstract

Introduction: Traditional cancer therapies may have incomplete eradication of cancer or destroy the normal cells. Nanotechnology solves the demerit by a guide in surgical resection of tumors, targeted chemotherapies, selective to cancerous cells, etc. This new technology can reduce the risk to the patient and automatically increased the probability of survival. Toward this goal, novel iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) coupled with leukemia anti-cancer drug were prepared and assessed. Methods: The IONPs were prepared by the co-precipitation method using Fe +3 /Fe +2 ratio of 2:1. These IONPs were used as a carrier for chlorambucil (Chloramb), where the IONPs serve as the cores and chitosan (CS) as a polymeric shell to form Chloramb-CS-IONPs. The products were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analyses, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Results: The as-prepared IONPs were found to be magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and were coated by the CS polymer/Chloramb drug for the formation of the Chloramb-CS-IONPs. The average size for CS-IONPs and Chloramb-CS-IONPs nanocomposite was found to be 15 nm, with a drug loading of 19% for the letter. The release of the drug from the nanocomposite was found to be of a controlled-release manner with around 89.9% of the drug was released within about 5000 min and governed by the pseudo-second order. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies of CS-IONPs and Chloramb-CS-IONPs nanocomposite were tested on the normal fibroblast cell lines (3T3) and leukemia cancer cell lines (WEHI). Chloramb in Chloramb-CS-IONPs nanocomposite was found to be more efficient compared to its free form. Conclusion:This work shows that Chloramb-CS-IONPs nanocomposite is a promising candidate for magnetically targeted drug delivery for leukemia anti-cancer agents.

Application of iron oxide nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of leukemia

“…Chloramb is used as an alkylating agent in the chemotherapy of chronic lymph leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). CS-IONPs with core-shell structure were prepared by Hussein-Al-Ali et al (2021) Chloramb-CS-IONPs were synthesized by ionic gelation method using CS-IONPs as carriers of chlorambucil with 19% loading rate of chloramb. In this study, Chloramb-loaded IONPs reduced cancer cell viability in a leukemia cell line (WEHI) better than Chloramb.…”

Preparation, characterization and biochemical studies of nanoformulations of chlorambucil to enhance anticancer efficacy

“…Two bands are produced by the C-Cl bond at 744 and 723 cm À1 . 50 However, the C-H group is considered a characteristic peak of T-80 at 2907 and 2855 cm À1 , the ester (CQO) group is stretched at 1735 cm À1 , and the OH group produces a strong band at 3436 cm À1 . 51 The obtained results of nCH demonstrated that two broad spectrums in the range of 945-1050 cm À1 are due to the hydrogenbonded (O-H) group of CH drug, whereas 1325 and 1445 cm À1 are due to the stretching vibration of the (C-O) group of T-80 and CH drug.…”

Iron-Based Magnetic Nanosystems for Diagnostic Imaging and Drug Delivery: Towards Transformative Biomedical Applications

“…Chlorambucil, another viable candidate for MNP-based delivery, is used for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, as well as both Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [ 57 , 58 ]. In a recent study, chlorambucil was incorporated into Fe 3 O 4 iron oxide MNPs via a chitosan shell and showed increased efficacy in drug release onto cancer cells, compared to the non-complexed drug [ 59 ]. Another recent investigation with anticancer drug violamycin loaded onto 8–10 nm iron oxide nanoparticles, have shown increased effectiveness against to MCF-7 breast cancer cell line [ 53 , 60 ], indicating the potential in such SPION-based systems in drug delivery.…”