Chlamydial Persistence: beyond the Biphasic Paradigm

Hogan, Richard; Mathews, Sarah A.; Mukhopadhyay, Sanghamitra; Summersgill, James T.

doi:10.1128/iai.72.4.1843-1855.2004

Cited by 391 publications

(403 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…Even life-threatening situations have been reported in humans who became infected with zoonotic chlamydiae, such as C. psittaci originating from birds or C. abortus from small ruminants [9,12,28,54,55]. Secondly, chlamydial organisms are reported to persist and cause recurrent infections or re-activation of latent infections [7,11,25,46].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A clinically silent respiratory infection withChlamydophilaspp. in calves is associated with airway obstruction and pulmonary inflammation

et al. 2007

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-This study was aimed at evaluating functional and inflammatory consequences of persistent chlamydial infections on the respiratory system in clinically inconspicuous calves aged 2-7 months. Thirteen calves persistently infected with Chlamydophila (C.) abortus and/or C. pecorum (Chl+) were compared to 12 calves without chlamydial infections (Chl-). In order to evaluate lung function, 36 non-invasive impulse oscillometry tests were performed per animal within 6 months. The group of chronically infected animals was distinguished by significantly higher peripheral airway resistance (indicating peripheral airway obstruction), significantly higher respiratory rates, and significantly higher minute volumes of ventilation. At the age of seven months, all calves were necropsied, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained ex vivo, and lungs were examined histologically. Significantly higher concentrations of total protein and 8-iso-prostane (8-IP), as well as higher activities of matrix metalloprotease 2 were measured in BALF samples of Chl+ calves. Histologically, markedly activated bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) causing partial obstruction of bronchiolar lumina was found in the apical pulmonary lobes of Chl+ calves. Chlamydial DNA was detected in the lung tissue of 7 out of 13 Chl+ calves by real-time PCR. In conclusion, respiratory chlamydial infection appeared to be associated with chronic inflammation of the lungs and airways. Despite the lack of clinical symptoms, pulmonary dysfunctions persisted in calves until the age of seven months. Data obtained in this study provide new insight illustrating the impact of nearly ubiquitous subclinical infections on the respiratory system. Chlamydia / Chlamydophila infection / airway obstruction / pulmonary inflammation / calves

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A clinically silent respiratory infection withChlamydophilaspp. in calves is associated with airway obstruction and pulmonary inflammation

et al. 2007

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“…These forms may persist for a long time inside the host-cell and remain viable in a culturenegative state. Persistent forms of C. pneumoniae have been characterized morphologically as aberrant bodies; they are inherently more suited to evade the host immune response and are more difficult to eradicate by antibiotics (8). In vivo and in vitro infection models have demonstrated the evidence of persistent chlamydial infection.…”

Section: Chlamydia Pneumoniae Obligate Intracellular Pathogen Persistmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have shown that in mice infected intranasally with C. pneumoniae, chlamydia cannot be cultured from murine lung tissue, but is detectable by polymerase chain reaction (9). In vitro persistent chlamydial forms have been induced by depletion of host cell iron, glucose and essential amino acid levels, tobacco smoke-exposure (10), and treatment with cytokines, such as gamma interferon (IFN-y) or antibiotics (8). Chlamydiae may be reactivated from persistence by removal of the growth inhibitory factor (8).…”

Section: Chlamydia Pneumoniae Obligate Intracellular Pathogen Persistmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlamydia Pneumoniae and Chronic Diseases with a Great Impact on Public Health

Sessa

Cipriani

Pietro

et al. 2008

Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol

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Chlamydia pneumoniae is recognised as a common cause of respiratory tract infections and has recently been implicated in several extrapulmonary chronic diseases, with great impact on public health, such as atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. The involvement of C. pneumoniae in such diseases may be correlated to characteristic features of this pathogen, including intracellular growth and ability to induce persistent forms. C. pneumoniae persistent forms are inherently more suited to evade the host immune response and are more difficult to eradicate by antibiotics. Our preliminary experimental findings show that interaction of C. pneumoniae with macrophages and/or T cells characterized by interference with TNF-α production, and redox state, culminates in the induction of T cell apoptosis and survival of infected macrophages. Based on our evidence, the poor cooperation between T cells and macrophages could lead to an inappropriate immune response against C. pneumoniae that may therefore promote the development of extrapulmonary chronic diseases.

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“…Most adults have been exposured to this pathogen, and its seroprevalence increases with age due to, for example, recurring infections. 13 C. pneumoniae also has a tendency to cause persistent infections, 14 and these have been associated, for example, with coronary heart disease, stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, Alzheimer's disease, asthma and reactive arthritis. 15,16 The pathogen is capable of infecting and surviving in several different cell types, including monocytes/macrophages, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%