Chlamydial Antibodies and Risk of Prostate Cancer

Anttila, Tarja; Tenkanen, Leena; Lumme, Sonja; Leinonen, Maija; Gislefoss, Randi Elin; Hallmans, Göran; Thoresen, Steinar; Hakulinen, Timo; Luostarinen, Tapio; Stattin, Pär; Saikku, Pekka; Dillner, Joakim; Lehtinen, Matti; Hakama, Matti

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-03-0325

Cited by 33 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…trachomatis Infection. Our null finding for C. trachomatis antibody seropositivity is consistent with findings from one previous nested case-control study (15) but differs from those from two additional studies, one of which observed a significant inverse association between C. trachomatis antibody seropositivity and prostate cancer across three study sites (22), whereas the other observed a suggestion of an inverse association between self-reported history of chlamydia and prostate cancer (23). Findings from the second study, however, are difficult to interpret because of the low reported cumulative incidence of chlamydia.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Our observed C. trachomatis seroprevalence of 3.5% to 4.0% is lower than previously published estimates, many of which were estimated in general male Scandinavian populations ranging in age from 18 to 97 years (15,22,29) and were based on use of the microimmunofluorescence assay, which is considered to be a more specific but less sensitive test than the Ani Labsystems enzyme immunoassay used in our study (28,(37)(38)(39). To our knowledge, no estimates of C. trachomatis seroprevalence exist in the general male U.S. population, either based on the microimmunofluorescence assay or enzyme immunoassay, to allow for comparisons between men from the same geographic location.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 79%

“…HHV-8 is also known to express viral interleukin-6, a homologue of human interleukin-6 (8), which has been proposed to play a role in prostate cancer cell proliferation (14) and may thus contribute to prostate cancer progression. To date, results from prospective and retrospective epidemiologic studies of C. trachomatis, HPV, and HHV-8 infections and prostate cancer are largely inconclusive, as many earlier positive findings have not been replicated in subsequent studies, and results are generally variable across studies, even those with similar study designs (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma Antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis, Human Papillomavirus, and Human Herpesvirus Type 8 in Relation to Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Study

Sutcliffe

Giovannucci

Gaydos

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Traditionally, case-control studies of sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer have focused on gonorrhea and syphilis, with overall positive associations. More recently, researchers have begun to expand their focus to include additional sexually transmitted infections, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, human papillomavirus (HPV), and human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) infections. Continuing this investigation, we examined each of these infections in relation to incident prostate cancer in a nested case-control study within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Prostate cancer cases were men diagnosed with prostate cancer between the date of blood draw (1993)(1994)(1995) and 2000 (n = 691). Controls were men free of cancer and alive at the time of case diagnosis who had had at least one prostatespecific antigen test between the date of blood draw and case diagnosis. One control was individually matched to each case by age; year, time of day, and season of blood draw; and prostate-specific antigen screening history before blood draw (n = 691). C. trachomatis and HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-33 antibody serostatus were assessed by enzyme-based immunoassays and HHV-8 antibody serostatus was assessed by an immunofluorescence assay. No associations were observed between C. trachomatis [odds ratio (OR), 1.13; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.65-1.96], HPV-16 (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.57-1.23), HPV-18 (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.66-1.64), and HPV-33 (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.76-1.72) antibody seropositivity and prostate cancer. A significant inverse association was observed between HHV-8 antibody seropositivity and prostate cancer (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52-0.95). As this study is the first, to our knowledge, to observe such an inverse association, similar additional studies are warranted. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(8):1573 -80)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma Antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis, Human Papillomavirus, and Human Herpesvirus Type 8 in Relation to Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Study

Sutcliffe

Giovannucci

Gaydos

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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“…In a recent study conducted in the U.S. military, a suggestive positive association was observed for C. trachomatis seropositivity using serum specimens collected at least five years before diagnosis, but not using specimens collected closer to diagnosis [73]. However, as null or inverse associations were observed in other studies with early specimen collection [63,89], this recent sub-group finding may have been observed by chance. Other possible exceptions include the suggestive positive associations observed for selfreported history of chlamydia and prostate cancer among Asian-American and Latino men in the California Men's Health Study [57].…”

Section: Chlamydia Trachomatis Infectionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Initially, this STI was included in investigations of prostate cancer risk as a marker of sexual activity [63]; however, it has since been investigated in relation to prostate cancer in its own right because of its known ability to cause chronic, persistent infections, and asymptomatic and symptomatic prostate inflammation in some men [ [56,58,89] and references therein]. Despite this promising rationale, most studies to date have observed generally null or occasionally inverse associations between a history of chlamydia and prostate cancer, irrespective of the study design, method of assessment (serology or self-report), type of C. trachomatis antibody assay used (enzyme immunoassay or micro-immunofluorescence assay), and timing of specimen collection if assessed by serology [42, 56-58, 63, 73, 89] (Table 5).…”

Section: Chlamydia Trachomatis Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Review of Historical and Emerging Hypotheses

Sutcliffe

2010

Future Oncol.

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ABSTRACT/SUMMARYSince the early 1950s when sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were first proposed as a possible risk factor for prostate cancer, numerous epidemiologic studies have been conducted.Initially, these studies were primarily small case-control studies with retrospective, self-reported assessment of a narrow range of STIs, typically either any STIs, or gonorrhea and syphilis.However, as new STIs have been discovered/recognized, new and better tests to detect histories of STIs have been developed, and new resources for prostate cancer research have been created, epidemiologic studies have expanded to include a wider range of STIs, and have moved towards more rigorous, prospective study designs and serologic assessment of STI histories. The results of these studies are reviewed and discussed, as well as possible new avenues of research, such asTrichomonas vaginalis infection and infections not typically considered to be sexually transmitted. 3 EARLY HYPOTHESES FOR SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND PROSTATE CANCEREarly hypotheses related to a sexually transmitted etiology of prostate cancer were initially motivated by contemporary, epidemiologic patterns of prostate cancer occurrence. In the early 1950s, Ravich and Ravich [1, 2] noted a higher prostate cancer prevalence among mainly uncircumcised non-Jewish than circumcised Jewish men, similar to patterns for penile cancer and cervical cancer among female partners of these men, leading them to propose that observed patterns might be explained by sexual transmission of a virus or other carcinogenic agent contained within the smegma of uncircumcised males. Subsequent investigators [3][4][5] further proposed additional hypotheses related to infection, sexual behavior, and sexual frustration to explain other contemporary patterns of prostate cancer occurrence by marital, paternal, and racial status. Together, these observations and hypotheses led to a series of investigations beginning in the early 1970s to examine possible associations between STIs and sexual behavior in relation to prostate cancer. Selection of STIs STI markers:Most early investigations of STIs and prostate cancer assessed either a history of any STIs or individual histories of gonorrhea and syphilis as markers or possibly vectors of the potentially causative STI or sexual behavior [6][7][8][9]. These STIs were likely selected because they were the most common, well-known, and symptomatic STIs at the time, making them also more readily assessed by self-report, medical record abstraction, or registry query. Prostate inflammation:Other early studies focused specifically on gonorrhea because it frequently led to 4 secondary gonococcal prostatitis in the pre-and early-antibiotic era, and because prostate inflammation had previously been hypothesized as a cause of atrophy and subsequent prostate cancer ([9-11] and references therein). This inflammation-atrophy-prostate cancer hypothesis has since gained further support with the observation of morphological and epigenetic transitions betwe...

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A molecular analysis of prokaryotic and viral DNA sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer indicates the presence of multiple and diverse microorganisms

et al. 2007

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Most prostates from men undergoing prostatectomy (87%) contain bacterial DNA from one or more species. However, the majority of individual tissue core samples were negative, suggesting regional heterogeneity in the presence of bacteria and a lack of a generalized or ubiquitous prostatic flora. Culture results suggest either the "unculturable" nature of species present in the prostate or that 16S rDNA sequences were derived from non-viable bacteria.

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Chlamydial Antibodies and Risk of Prostate Cancer

Cited by 33 publications

References 43 publications

Plasma Antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis, Human Papillomavirus, and Human Herpesvirus Type 8 in Relation to Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Study

Plasma Antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis, Human Papillomavirus, and Human Herpesvirus Type 8 in Relation to Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Study

Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Review of Historical and Emerging Hypotheses

A molecular analysis of prokaryotic and viral DNA sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer indicates the presence of multiple and diverse microorganisms

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