Chlamydia trachomatis serotype A infections in the Amazon region of Brazil: prevalence, entry and dissemination

Ishak, Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães; Costa, Maurimélia Mesquita da; Almeida, Núbia Caroline Costa de; Santiago, Angélica Menezes; Brito, William Botelho de; Vallinoto, Antônio Carlos Rosário; Azevedo, Vânia Nakauth; Ishak, Ricardo

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0038-2015

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Additionally, C. trachomatis is a major sexually transmitted bacterium (39) that has an extensive distribution in the Amazon region of Brazil, particularly in Pará (40–42), as has also been observed in the present study among the three groups. The occurrence of cardiopathies by C. trachomatis has been demonstrated in experimental studies (43–45) and in case reports (46); however, the role of this bacterium in the pathogenesis of heart disease has rarely been investigated.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The demographic characteristics of the patients with coronary artery disease and valvulopathies were similar to the common conditions found in the Brazilian population, and the prevalence of previous infections with C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae did not differ from reports concerning Belém and other population groups in the Brazilian Amazon (41, 42). The presence of C. trachomatis cryptic plasmid DNA demonstrates the real possibility of new perspectives on the etiology of heart disease.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

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Association of Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and IL-6 and IL-8 Gene Alterations With Heart Diseases

et al. 2019

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the arterial walls, associated with genetic and infectious factors. The present study investigated the involvement of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections and immunological markers (C-reactive protein, CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) in the process of atherosclerosis. The evaluation included 159 patients for surgical revascularization (CAD) and 71 patients for surgical heart valve disease (HVD) at three hospitals in Belém, Brazil. The control group (CG) comprised 300 healthy individuals. Blood samples collected before surgery were used for antibodies detection (enzyme immunoassay), CRP (immunoturbidimetry) and IL-6 levels (enzyme immunoassay). Tissue fragments (atheroma plaque, heart valve and ascending aorta) were collected during surgery and subjected to qPCR for detection of bacterial DNA. Promoter region polymorphisms of each marker and relative quantification of TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10 gene expression were performed. Demography and social information were similar to the general population involved with both diseases. Antibody prevalence to C. trachomatis was 30.6, 20.3, and 36.7% (in the CAD, HVD, and CG, respectively) and to C. pneumoniae was 83.6, 84.5, and 80.3% (in the CAD, HVD, and CG, respectively). C. trachomatis cryptic plasmid DNA was detected in 7.4% of the samples. Frequency of IL6−174G>C polymorphism was higher in CAD and HVD than in CG regardless of previous exposure to Chlamydia. Previous C. trachomatis infection showed involvement in HVD and CAD. Significant association between disease and previous C. pneumoniae infection was found only among HVD. GG genotype of IL6−174G>C is apparently a risk factor for heart disease, whereas AT genotype of IL8−251A>T was mainly involved in valvulopathies, including patients with prior exposure to C. pneumoniae.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Association of Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and IL-6 and IL-8 Gene Alterations With Heart Diseases

et al. 2019

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“…In Brazil, serological evidence of the infection indicates that serotype A of C . trachomatis was introduced in the Amazon region during the eighteenth century from a community of immigrants from North Africa who settled in the region [ 6 ]. A study evaluating the presence of trachoma among Brazilian schoolchildren revealed a prevalence of 5%, and the states of Ceará, Acre, and Pará presented the highest prevalence rates (8.7%, 7.9%, and 6.6%, respectively) [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of trachoma in school children in the Marajó Archipelago, Brazilian Amazon, and the impact of the introduction of educational and preventive measures on the disease over eight years

et al. 2018

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Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness in the world and is associated with precarious living conditions in developing countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of trachoma in three municipalities of the Marajó Archipelago, located in the state of Pará, Brazil. In 2008, 2,054 schoolchildren from the public primary school system of the urban area of the region and their communicants were clinically examined; in 2016, 1,502 schoolchildren were examined. The positive cases seen during the clinical evaluation were confirmed by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) laboratory tests. The presence of antibodies against the genus Chlamydia was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), and the serotypes were determined by microimmunofluorescence (MIF). In 2008, the prevalence of trachoma among schoolchildren was 3.4% (69 cases) and it was more frequent in children between six and nine years of age and in females; among the communicants, a prevalence of 16.5% was observed. In 2016, three cases of trachoma were diagnosed (prevalence of 0.2%), found only in the municipality of Soure. The results of the present study showed that in 2008, trachoma had a low prevalence (3.4%) among schoolchildren in the urban area of Marajó Archipelago; eight years after the first evaluation and the introduction of control and prevention measures (SAFE strategy), there was a drastic reduction in the number of cases (0.2%), demonstrating the need for constant monitoring and effective measures for the elimination of trachoma.

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“…The presence of serotype A of C. trachomatis has been detected by our group, indirectly on several occasions among urban and non-urban communities including an extensive search among native Indians in the Amazon region of Brazil ( Ishak and Ishak, 2001 ; Ishak et al, 2015 ). More recently, reactivity to serotype A was also described among patients in six different groups tested (in an urban university hospital, in some major cities of the State of Para, among native Indians, one Afro-descendant community, and particularly, among one village in the State of Amapa, named Mazagao).…”

Section: The Evidences Of Human Migration Accompanied By Infectious Amentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Serum reactivity to specific serotypes of C. trachomatis was discriminated using a microimmunofluorescence assay with serially diluted samples to detect the most recent infection, as well as double or multiple infections. Detailed methodological steps were previously described ( Wang and Grayston, 1974 ; Grayston and Wang, 1975 ; Treharne et al, 1983 ; Conway et al, 1984 ; Ishak et al, 1988 , 1993 , 2015 ; Campbell et al, 1990 ; Lobos et al, 1996 ; Ishak and Ishak, 2001 ).…”

Section: Methodological Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious Agents As Markers of Human Migration toward the Amazon Region of Brazil

et al. 2017

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Infectious agents are common companions of humans and since ancient times they follow human migration on their search for a better place to live. The study of paleomicrobiology was significantly improved in its accuracy of measurement with the constant development of better methods to detect and analyze nucleic acids. Human tissues are constantly used to trace ancient infections and the association of anthropological evidences are important to confirm the microbiological information. Infectious agents which establish human persistent infections are particularly useful to trace human migrations. In the present article, the evidence of infection by viral agents such as human T-lymphotropic virus 1, human T-lymphotropic virus 2, human herpes virus-8, JC virus, and a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, was described using different methodologies for their detection. Their presence was further used as biomarkers associated with anthropological and other relevant information to trace human migration into the Amazon region of Brazil. The approach also evidenced their microbiological origin, emergence, evolution, and spreading. The information obtained confirms much of the archeological information available tracing ancient and more recent human migration into this particular geographical region. In this article, the paleomicrobiological information on the subject was summarized and reviewed.

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Chlamydia trachomatis serotype A infections in the Amazon region of Brazil: prevalence, entry and dissemination

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

Association of Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and IL-6 and IL-8 Gene Alterations With Heart Diseases

Association of Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and IL-6 and IL-8 Gene Alterations With Heart Diseases

Prevalence of trachoma in school children in the Marajó Archipelago, Brazilian Amazon, and the impact of the introduction of educational and preventive measures on the disease over eight years

Infectious Agents As Markers of Human Migration toward the Amazon Region of Brazil

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