Infectious Agents As Markers of Human Migration toward the Amazon Region of Brazil

Ishak, Ricardo; Machado, Luiz Fernando Almeida; Vallinoto, Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres; Ishak, Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães; Vallinoto, Antônio Carlos Rosário

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01663

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The history of HTLV is a fascinating one regarding its possible origin in the African continent and its spread in different directions according to human migration routes [4], and the ARB is of paramount importance because of the presence of a specific strain of the virus that originated during human migration into the area and its further dissemination to other geographical areas in the country and abroad [36,51,[91][92][93][94][95][96][97].…”

Section: The Amazon Region Of Brazilmentioning

confidence: 99%

The challenge of describing the epidemiology of HTLV in the Amazon region of Brazil

Ishak

Vallinoto

2020

Retrovirology

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HTLV-1 was the first described human retrovirus and was soon found to be associated with severe clinical diseases, including a devastating lymphoma/leukemia and other inflammatory diseases. Although HTLV-2 is not usually pathogenic, it is widely distributed among native Indian populations in Brazil, particularly in the Amazon region of the country. Presently, HTLV spreads mainly by the sexual route and from mother to child, and virus persistence is an active biological factor aiding its transmission. Recently, the use of illicit drugs has been shown to be an additional risk factor, showing the influence of new habits on the epidemiology of HTLV in the region. Despite the detection of the virus in several different populations in the Amazon region of Brazil for almost 30 years, the exact prevalence of HTLV-1/2 is not well defined. The original biases in sampling and the selection of epidemiologically unsuitable populations were commonly repeated in most prevalence studies, generating unreliable and conflicting figures that do not represent the actual prevalence of HTLV. The improvements in clinical and laboratory facilities have resulted in the description of several clinical manifestations that were previously unknown in the region. The extent of the spread of the virus must be defined in this region, which is the largest geographical area of the country. As prophylaxis advances toward the use of vaccines against HTLV-1, it is important to determine who is at risk of being infected and developing a disease to successfully implement preventive measures, particularly as proposals are made to eradicate the virus among humans.

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Section: The Amazon Region Of Brazilmentioning

confidence: 99%

The challenge of describing the epidemiology of HTLV in the Amazon region of Brazil

Ishak

Vallinoto

2020

Retrovirology

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“…The second highest signal (that also shows a significant long-range haplotype signal) comes from the region around the gene PTPRC , which encodes the protein CD45, essential in antigen recognition by T and B lymphocytes, particularly in pathogen-host interaction, in particular for virus such as Human adenovirus type 19 52 , HIV-1-induced cell apoptosis 53,54 and susceptibility to Hepatitis C 55,56 and herpes simplex virus 1 57 . Interestingly, HSV-1 this herpes virus has a high incidence in isolated Amerindians from the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon [58][59][60] , with the elevated diversity of the virus and an endemic subtype that suggest an ancient endemic infection 61 . This result is consistent with the hypothesis of CD45 evolution driven by the host-virus arms race model 62 .…”

Section: Yunga and Amazon And Its Relationship With Archaeological Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetic structure and adaptation of Andean highlanders and Amazonian dwellers is influenced by the interplay between geography and culture

Borda

Alvim

Mendes

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Western South America was one of the worldwide cradles of civilization. The well known Inca Empire was the tip of the iceberg of a cultural and biological evolutionary process that started 14-11 thousand years ago. Genetic data from 18 Peruvian populations reveal that: (1) The between-population homogenization of the central-southern Andes and its differentiation with respect to Amazonian populations of similar latitudes do not extend northward. Instead, longitudinal gene flow between the northern coast of Peru, Andes and Amazonia accompanied cultural and socioeconomic interactions revealed by archeological studies. This pattern recapitulates the environmental and cultural differentiation between the fertile north, where altitudes are lower; and the arid south, where the Andes are higher, acting as a genetic barrier between the sharply different environments of the Andes and Amazonia (2). The genetic homogenization between the populations of the arid Andes is not only due to migration during the Inca Empire or the subsequent colonial period. It started at least during the earlier expansion of the pre-Inca Wari Empire (600-1000 YBP) (3) This demographic history allowed for cases of positive natural selection in the high and arid Andes vs. the low Amazon tropical forest: in the Andes, HAND2-AS1 (heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2 antisense RNA1, related with cardiovascular function) and DUOX2 (dual oxidase 2, related to thyroid function and innate immunity) genes; in the Amazon, the gene encoding for the CD45 protein, essential for antigen recognition by T/B lymphocytes in viral-host interaction, consistent with the host-virus arms race hypothesis.

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“…The emergence of new infectious agents into different geographical areas is expected to be seen continuously in the future. In addition to ancient and past introduction of HTLV-1/2, other infectious agents have their past introduction satisfactorily documented in the Amazon region of Brazil, and their presence is revealed when used as a biomarker associated with anthropological and other relevant information to trace ancient, past, and contemporary human migration into this geographical area ( Ishak et al. 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HTLV-2 entry in the Amazon region of Brazil is a well-studied piece of information in the field of paleomicrobiology. This field shows evidence of the most likely routes through which viral and bacterial infectious agents entered into various regions during ancient and, sometimes, more recent times along with the human beings that entered the Amazon environment ( Ishak et al. 2017 ).…”

Section: The Origins Of Htlv-1 and Htlv-2 Infection In South Amerimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1999 ; Araujo and Hall 2004 ), it seems that the virus is an ancient infection already well adapted to the human host. Indeed, it has been commonly used as a marker of human migration since its original infection in humans can be traced from the earliest exploration of the different continents in the search of new and better areas to live ( Black 1997 ; Ishak et al. 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HTLV in South America: Origins of a silent ancient human infection

Ishak

Azevedo

et al. 2020

Virus Evolution

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The description of the first human retrovirus, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), was soon associated with an aggressive lymphoma and a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Later, other associated clinical manifestations were described, affecting diverse target organs in the human body and showing the enormous burden carried by the virus and the associated diseases. The epidemiology of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 showed that they were largely distributed around the world, although it is possible to locate geographical areas with pockets of low and very high prevalence and incidence. Aboriginal Australians and indigenous peoples of Brazil are examples of the large spread of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, respectively. The epidemiological link of both situations is their occurrence among isolated, epidemiologically closed or semi-closed communities. The origin of the viruses in South America shows two different branches with distinct timing of entry. HTLV-1 made its probable entrance in a more recent route through the east coast of Brazil at the beginning of the slave trade from the African continent, starting in the 16th century and lasting for more than 350 years. HTLV-2 followed the ancient route of human migration from the Asian continent, crossing the Behring Strait and then splitting in South America as the population became separated by the Andes Mountains. By that time, HTLV-2c probably arose and became isolated among the indigenous populations in the Brazilian Amazon. The study of epidemiologically closed communities of indigenous populations in Brazil allowed tracing the most likely route of entry, the generation of a new molecular subtype (HTLV-2c), the elucidation of the vertical transmission of HTLV-2, the intrafamilial aggregation of cases and the escape and spread of the virus to other areas in Brazil and abroad. Despite the burden and impact of both viruses, they are maintained as silent infections among human populations because (i) health authorities in most South American countries in which national surveillance is poor have little interest in the disease, (ii) the information is commonly lost as indigenous groups do not have specific policies for HTLV and other sexually transmitted infections, and (iii) health access is not feasible or properly delivered.

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Infectious Agents As Markers of Human Migration toward the Amazon Region of Brazil

Cited by 18 publications

References 63 publications

The challenge of describing the epidemiology of HTLV in the Amazon region of Brazil

The challenge of describing the epidemiology of HTLV in the Amazon region of Brazil

The genetic structure and adaptation of Andean highlanders and Amazonian dwellers is influenced by the interplay between geography and culture

HTLV in South America: Origins of a silent ancient human infection

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