Chlamydia in chronic prostatitis.

Abstract

basal duodenal disease and pyloric channel disease may lead to pyloric reflux. The deformed fibrotic pyloric opening in advanced pyloric channel disease is shown in the Fig.-I am, etc.

Chlamydial Antibodies and Risk of Prostate Cancer

“…There has been much speculation, but only a little proof, that chlamydial infection might be responsible for many cases of apparent nonbacterial prostatitis (19,20). However, as early as 1972, Mårdh et al showed the more frequent presence of chlamydial antibodies in men with chronic prostatitis compared with the controls (21) and later studies have also suggested that antichlamydial immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are present in patients with chronic prostatitis (22,23).…”

Chlamydial Infection in Urologic Diseases

“…Although Mardh and Colleen (Mardh et al, 1972) suggested that C. trachomatis may be implicated in as many as one third of men with CP, their follow-up studies employing culturing and serologic tests could not confirm C. trachomatis as an etiologic agent in idiopathic prostatitis (Mardh & Colleen, 1975;Mardh et al, 1978). Shortliffe and Wehner (Shortliffe & Wehner, 1986) came to a similar conclusion when they evaluated antichlamydial antibody titers in prostatic fluid.…”

“…However, the evidence supporting the role of C. trachomatis as an etiologic agent in chronic prostatitis is conflicting. Mardh and Colleen (Mardh et al, 1972) found that one third of men with chronic prostatitis had antibodies to C. trachomatis compared with 3% of controls. Shortliffe and coworkers (Shortliffe et al, 1992) found that 20% of patients with nonbacterial prostatitis had antichlamydial antibody titers in the prostatic fluid.…”

195 Intraprostatic Injection of Botulinum Toxin-A in Patients with Refractory Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: The Transurethral vs. Transrectal Approach

“…By definition, nonbacterial CP is an inflammatory response in the absence of any detectable causative micro-organism. The exact cause of CP/CPPS (NIH IIIB) is unknown but it might be due to psychological conditions, atypical bacterial infection, immune, neurological, endocrine dysfunction, and dyssynergic voiding [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. As there is no definite cause for CP/CPPS, there is no definite or standard therapy for treatment.…”

“…There has been increasing research into managing the chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/ CPPS), defined 'as discomfort or pain in the pelvic region for P3 months, with sterile specimen cultures and white blood cell (WBC) counts in prostate-specific specimens, e.g., semen, expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) and urine collected after prostate massage' [1,2]. Based on previous data, CP is associated with %2 million outpatient visits/year in the USA (8% to urologists and 1% to primary-care physicians) with high direct costs for treatment (US$ 4000/patient/year) [3].…”