Chitosan-supported deep eutectic solvent as bio-based electrolyte for flexible supercapacitor

Deep Eutectic Solvents for Boosting Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion: A Review and Perspective

“…As a consequence, green, safe, and low-cost DES electrolytes are being intensively investigated for safety-and energy-enhancing supercapacitors. [88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96] Besides, DES electrolytes can afford the operation of supercapacitors at high temperatures, which is desired for some specific applications (e.g., military and aerospace). For example, Zaidi et al developed a new DES electrolyte based on sodium nitrate and NMAc for carbonbased supercapacitors at 80 °C.…”

Reline deep eutectic solvent as a green electrolyte for electrochemical energy storage applications

“…Li et al used a DES-based supramolecular gel polymer electrolyte in EDLCs which delivered an operating voltage of 2.4 V. 36 Vorobiov et al adopted a chitosan-supported DES as a bio-based electrolyte for flexible supercapacitors with a 1.6 V operating window. 37 Zhong et al reported a study using a choline chloride–ethylene glycol-based DES as an electrolyte for wide temperature range supercapacitors with an operating voltage of 2 V. 38 In the same context, Sathyamoorthi and co-workers investigated also the use of a non-fluoro DES for high-temperature supercapacitors with a 1.3 V maximum cell voltage. 17 Furthermore, Zaidi et al employed a DES based on N -methylacetamide and lithium salt as the electrolyte at high temperatures for activated carbon-based supercapacitors with an operating window of 1.8 V. 39 A most recent study 40 highlights the design of a wide voltage window (2.4 V) DES using tetraethylammonium bromide (TEAB) and ethylene glycol for electrochemical capacitor applications.…”

Deep eutectics and analogues as electrolytes in batteries

“…More papers were selected and added through forward and backward citation searching. No attempts will be made to cover DES electrolyte applications in supercapacitors, [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101] dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), [102][103][104][105][106] and redox flow batteries. 25,[107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117] Note that, for the reasons explained above, we will include all eutectic mixtures, regardless of the solid or liquid state at above-ambient temperatures of the constituents in their pure states, and of whether a deviation from ideality has been demonstrated.…”

“…142,236 Another elegant way to structure DESs into gels relies on the addition of a small gelator that self-assembles into a nanoscale network as a result of intermolecular noncovalent interactions, generating eutectogels with tolerance to ionic salt additives and similar ionic conductivities to the native DESs. 238 The proper interaction of DESs and flexible polymers, 91,92 including natural polysaccharides, 95,101,[239][240][241] was also used to obtain films or ion conductive gels to be used as electrolytes in soft electronics, for instance for flexible supercapacitors for wearable electronics and stretchable power supplies. In these electrolytes, the formation of a genuine DES or a more complex system is questionable and needs further elucidation.…”