Chitosan – Rosmarinic acid conjugates with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and photoprotective properties

Innovative Approach for Controlling Black Rot of Persimmon Fruits by Means of Nanobiotechnology from Nanochitosan and Rosmarinic Acid-Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles

“…Numerous NCt and RA distinctive peaks were appeared in NCt/RA/SeNPs composite spectrum, as designated with vertical red lines for the derived peaks from NCt and the blue lines for the derived peaks from RA ( Figure 1 -NCt/RA/SeNPs), which strongly confirmed the existence of both molecules in the nanocomposite. Many peaks from both composited molecules, especially in the range of 760–1390 cm −1 , either disappeared or became less intense in the composite spectrum, which indicates the occupation of their active bonds after interactions between NCt and RA/SeNPs particles [ 24 ]. Accordingly, the FTIR spectrum of NCt/RA/SeNPs could validate the various interactions (electrostatically and biochemically), especially between NCt amino groups and RA carbonyl groups [ 25 , 26 ].…”

“…The RA, either alone or in conjugation with NCt, was formerly acclaimed to possess potent antifungal actions against phytopathogens [ 22 , 24 ]; the NCt nanoconjugation with RA could facilitate their penetration into fungal cells and disruption of their vital pathways [ 26 ]. The application of RA-NPs-based coating was significantly effective in reducing the disease incidence and severity, caused by P. digitatum and A. alternata , in tomato fruits; the effectiveness augmented with the concentration increasing of RA in coating materials [ 24 , 26 ].…”

“…The “Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy” spectroscopy (FTIR; FTS 45, Biorad, Munich, Germany) was employed for assessing the infrared spectra of NCt, RA and NCt/RA/SeNPs. The transmittance of samples was appraised within 400–4000 cm −1 wavenumber, after amalgamating each sample with 1% KBr [ 24 ]. The analysis was performed at 22 °C and at a resolution of 4 cm −1 , each dried sample was finely ground and mixed well with anhydrous KBr, then amalgamated samples were positioned for FTIR analysis.…”

“…Rosmarinic acid (RA) is the ubiquitous phenolic that belongs to hydroxycinnamic acid family and is found in >30 plant families; RA has many proven pharmacological and biological potentialities [ 23 ]. The elevated RA antioxidant activity was attributed to its constituents from catechol groups, but RA has poor bioavailability because of its instability, inadequate permeability, and water insolubility, which obstruct its practical employment [ 24 ]. However, the loading of RA onto functional nanomaterials (e.g., NCt) can solve these challenges and provide extra functionality to the composite [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Biomedical features and therapeutic potential of rosmarinic acid

“…RA and its derivatives such as lithospermic acid, rabdossin, and salvialonic acid exhibit potent biological actions combating various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, apoptosis, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disorders (Kim et al 2015 , 2017 , 2020c ; Jeong and Hwang 2021 ; Jin et al 2021b ; Lee et al 2021 ; Koprivica et al 2022 ). RA prevents ultraviolet rays-induced photodamage (Gupta et al 2021 ; Huerta-Madroñal et al 2021 ). Pattananandecha et al ( 2021 ) reported anti-oxidant activity and anti-photoaging effects of RA extracts on UVA-mediated damage on human fibroblast from the Thunbergia laurifolia plant.…”