Biomedical features and therapeutic potential of rosmarinic acid

Abstract

For decades, the use of secondary metabolites of various herbs has been an attractive strategy in combating human diseases. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a bioactive phenolic compound commonly found in plants of Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae families. RA is biosynthesized using amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine via enzyme-catalyzed reactions. However, the chemical synthesis of RA involves an esterification reaction between caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl lactic acid contributing two phenolic rings to the structure of RA. Several studies have ascertained multiple therapeutic benefits of RA in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, inflammatory disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and liver diseases. Many previous scientific papers indicate that RA can be used as an anti-plasmodic, anti-viral and anti-bacterial drug. In addition, due to its high anti-oxidant capacity, this natural polyphenol has recently gained attention for its possible application as a nutraceutical compound in the food industry. Here we provide state-of-the-art, flexible therapeutic potential and biomedical features of RA, its implications and multiple uses. Along with various valuable applications in safeguarding human health, this review further summarizes the therapeutic advantages of RA in various human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the challenges associated with the clinical applicability of RA have also been discussed.

Therapeutic and Nutraceutical Effects of Polyphenolics from Natural Sources

“…It is a known for its antioxidant and antidiabetic properties and is found in many plants including mint, rosemary, and basil [ 32 ]. There many research reports that detail the use of RA as a biomedical compound for treatment of organ injuries and in ocular delivery [ 33 ]. For type 2 diabetes mellitus, it has an effect on reducing the amount of glucose in the blood, as it inhibits the work of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes that are involved in the breakdown of disaccharides [ 34 ].…”

“…For type 2 diabetes mellitus, it has an effect on reducing the amount of glucose in the blood, as it inhibits the work of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes that are involved in the breakdown of disaccharides [ 34 ]. RA also fights the complications of diabetes resulting in progressive organ damage via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities [ 33 ]. The chemical structures and some of the subgroups of polyphenols are given in Table 1 .…”

Rosmarinic acid as a novel biomedical drug for inhibiting the replication of herpes and dengue viruses: An In-silico assessment

“…Since 1997 to date it has been reported to have various pharmacological properties as a novel candidate for in ammation, antioxidant potential, cancer, diabetic, antiviral potential for zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases, neurodegenerative, hypertensive, antimicrobial and so on (Noor et al, 2022). On the other hand, it has also been used as folk medicine, cosmetics and dietary supplements since ancient times (Baba et al, 2004).…”

Investigating binding mechanism of thymoquinone to human transferrin, targeting Alzheimer's disease therapy

“…In current decades, natural products and herbal medicines are broadly used for treating several neurodegenerative disorders. [39][40][41][42][43][44] Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the bioactive components in Nigella sativa, black seed. Nigella sativa has many valuable constituents which are efficient in treating several diseases.…”

“…In current decades, natural products and herbal medicines are broadly used for treating several neurodegenerative disorders 39–44 . Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the bioactive components in Nigella sativa , black seed.…”