Rationale Quantitatively relating 13C/12C, 2H/1H and 18O/16O ratios of plant α‐cellulose and 2H/1H of n‐alkanes to environmental conditions and metabolic status should ideally be based on the leaf, the plant organ most sensitive to environmental change. The fact that leaf organic matter is composed of isotopically different heterotrophic and autotrophic components means that it is imperative that one be able to disentangle the relative heterotrophic and autotrophic contributions to leaf organic matter. Methods We tackled this issue by two‐dimensional sampling of leaf water and α‐cellulose, and specific n‐alkanes from greenhouse‐grown immature and mature and field‐grown mature banana leaves, taking advantage of their large areas and thick waxy layers. Leaf water, α‐cellulose and n‐alkane isotope ratios were then characterized using elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) or gas chromatography IRMS. A three‐member (heterotrophy, autotrophy and photoheterotrophy) conceptual linear mixing model was then proposed for disentangling the relative contributions of the three trophic modes. Results We discovered distinct spatial leaf water, α‐cellulose and n‐alkane isotope ratio patterns that varied with leaf developmental stages. We inferred from the conceptual model that, averaged over the leaf blade, only 20% of α‐cellulose in banana leaf is autotrophically laid down in both greenhouse‐grown and field‐grown banana leaves, while approximately 60% and 100% of n‐alkanes are produced autotrophically in greenhouse‐grown and field‐grown banana leaves, respectively. There exist distinct lateral (edge to midrib) gradients in autotrophic contributions of α‐cellulose and n‐alkanes. Conclusions Efforts to establish quantitative isotope–environment relationships should take into account the fact that the evaporative leaf water 18O and 2H enrichment signal recorded in autotrophically laid down α‐cellulose is significantly diluted by the heterotrophically formed α‐cellulose. The δ2H value of field‐grown mature banana leaf n‐alkanes is much more sensitive than α‐cellulose as a recorder of the growth environment. Quantitative isotope–environment relationship based on greenhouse‐grown n‐alkane δ2H values may not be reliable.

Dengue fever is a tropical disease spread worldwide, transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti . It affects 100 million people worldwide every year and half a million cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever are registered. At present, it poses sever health burden as combined infections of COVID-19. Currently, as a combined infection with COVID-19, it is becoming a serious health burden. To identify the active molecule, Maestro V12.7 was used with different tools including LigPrep, Grid Generation, SiteMap, Glide XP Docking, Pharmachophores and MM-GBSA. The UNRESS tool was also used to assess the protein stability with this dengue protein. The docking result showed that all examined phytocomponents except berberine and -(+)- l -alliin had good docking scores of -8.577 (azadirachtin), -8.112 (curcumin), -7.348 (apigenin) and -6.028 (andrographolide). However, berberine and -(+)- l -alliin possessed good hydrogen-bonding interactions with RdRp. In addition, molecular dynamic simulations demonstrate that the complex of azadirachtin and dengue protein has a solid understanding of the precise interactions. As per the research results, the present research suggests that this is the first statement of azadirachtin against NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain (RdRp), despite extensive research on this molecule in previous investigations. Furthermore, we anticipate that molecules such as curcumin, apigenin, and andrographolide would show beneficial effects while in vitro and in vivo studies are conducted on virally related objects. Since we performed ADMET and pharmacokinetic properties in this research, we feel that the phytochemicals of the screened anti-dengue molecules may not need to be evaluated for toxicological effects.

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Afghanistan has been a country blighted by war over the past five decades and limited research is available on its demography. This study seeks to assess the suitability of recent survey data for Afghanistan (the 2010 Afghanistan Mortality Survey (AMS)and the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey (ADHS)) for estimating levels and trends in fertility. As several fertility measures rely on the quality of age data, we first apply demographic tools for the identification of age misreporting, finding evidence that it is severe. We then explore the consistency of fertility reporting across the two surveys, finding that the 2015 ADHS reports higher fertility among older women than the 2010 AMS although the seasonal pattern of fertility is consistent across the two surveys. We then estimate total fertility rates in 2008–2010 and 2012–2015 and measures of Bongaarts’s key proximate determinants of fertility for Afghanistan and its provinces for urban and rural areas separately. The results show that fertility is similar in urban and rural Afghanistan. Although most of the provincial data on the proximate determinants is reasonably consistent with the fertility rates, there are anomalies in some provinces which indicate the possible under-reporting of births. Overall, we conclude that the fertility data in the two surveys can be used with care to give an indication of broad regional fertility patterns and trends in the country.

The 18 O/ 16 O ratio of α-cellulose in land plants has proved of interest for climate, environmental, physiological, and metabolic studies. Reliable application of such a ratio may be compromised by the presence of hemicellulose impurities in the αcellulose product obtainable with current extraction methods, as the impurities are known to be isotopically different from that of the α-cellulose. We first compared the quality of hydrolysates of "αcellulose products" obtained with four representative extraction methods (Jayme and Wise; Brendel; Zhou; Loader) and quantified the hemicellulose-derived non-glucose sugars in the α-cellulose products from 40 land grass species using gas chromatography− mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Second, we performed compoundspecific isotope analysis of the hydrolysates using GC/Pyrolysis/ IRMS. These results were then compared with the bulk isotope analysis using EA/Pyrolysis/IRMS of the α-cellulose products. We found that overall, the Zhou method afforded the highest purity α-cellulose as judged by the minimal presence of lignin and the second-lowest presence of non-glucose sugars. Isotopic analysis then showed that the O-2−O-6 of the α-cellulose glucosyl units were all depleted in 18 O by 0.0−4.3 mUr (average, 1.9 mUr) in a species-dependent manner relative to the α-cellulose products. The positive isotopic bias of using the α-cellulose product instead of the glucosyl units stems mainly from the fact that the pentoses that dominate hemicellulose contamination in the α-cellulose product are relatively enriched in 18 O (compared to hexoses) as they inherit only the relatively 18 O-enriched O-2−O-5 moiety of sucrose, the common precursor of pentoses and hexoses in cellulose, and are further enriched in 18 O by the (incomplete) hydrolysis.

Generally, the herpes virus is categorized into HSV-1 and HSV-2, with HSV-1 being transmitted through oral contacts. In contrast, HSV-2 is transmitted during sexual intercourse; hence known as genital herpes. In the infected individual, the majority of HSV infections are asymptomatic, although herpes can cause painful blisters or ulcers. On the other hand, HSV-2 infection increases the possibility of both transmission and contraction of HIV. In order to eradicate these viral infection complications and avoid the possibility of contracting HIV, few drugs have been prescribed for decades when infected with this viral infection. However, the prescribed drugs are not effective in eradicating this virus from infected individuals, which means few virus particles are latent after treatment with these drugs. Therefore, to investigate the novel anti-herpes potential of phytochemicals, the Maestro V13.3 was run with LigPrep, Grid Generation, SiteMap, Glide XP Docking, Pharmachophores and MM-GBSA. Ultimately, the docking result showed that all examined phytocomponents except ellagic acid had good docking values of − 8.321 (epicatechin), − 8.001 (rac 8-prenylnaringenin), − 7.531 (apigenin) and − 7.252 (−D-(+)catechin) exhibited. In this in-silico assessment, we confirmed that the phytochemicals had more potential scores in docking scores, binding affinity, and MM-GBSA scores compared to the corresponding anti-herpes drugs. Apart from the molecular docking and MM-GBSA values, the phytochemicals were found to have good pharmacological potentials through pharmacophore and pharmacokinetic assessments. Moreover, we believe that compounds such as epicatechin, Rac 8-prenylnaringenin, apigenin and -D-(+)-catechin would reveal possible therapeutic effects when tested in-vitro and in-vivo trials. Finally, the present research suggests that although these molecules have such therapeutic potential, a detailed toxicological study of these molecules should be performed in a dose-dependent manner prior to clinical trials.

Since ancient times to till now, viruses such as dengue, herpes virus, ebola, AIDS, influenza, ebola, chicken meat and SARS have been roaming around causing great health burdens. To fight against these contagious viruses, people rely heavily on medicinal plants to enhance their immune system of innate and adaptive. In this research, the preparation of ligands and proteins was performed using the Maestro V.13.2 module tool. This software, consisting of LigPrep, Grid Generation, SiteMap and Glide XP, has each contributed significantly to the preparation of ligands and proteins. Ultimately, the research found that (R)-(+)-rosmarinic acid was found to have significant docking scores of -10.847 for herpes virus, of -10.033 for NS5 and − 7.259 for NS1. In addition, the Pass Server prediction indicates that rosmarinic acid possesses a diverse spectrum of enzymatic activities, as Probability Active (Pa) values ​​start at > 0.751; whereas it has fewer adverse effects than the drugs prescribed for viruses. Accordingly, it was found that the rate of acute toxicity values ​​of rosamric acid. According to this analysis, we expect that the current research will reveal a clear route to finding a medicine that can successfully lessen the complications of numerous viruses without causing any harmful effects. Ultimately, we concluded that (R)-(+)-rosmarinic acid would expose significant antiviral effects in in-vitro and in-vivo experiments and also this research would be a valuable asset for future especially those who wish to discover a drug molecule for variety of viruses.