“…Due to the pH variation, these NPs become less stable and disintegrate releasing the insulin, which is absorbed through the paracellular pathway into the systemic circulation (Borchard et al, 1996;Sung et al, 2012). In reality, other transport pathways can be involved after oral administration of Chit-Ins NPs (Abbad et al, 2015), such as transcytosis through enterocytes, receptor-mediated transcytosis, and transcellular absorption by M cells in the Peyer's patches. As part of the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), Peyer's patches have an important role in eliciting immune responses against oral antigens, as reviewed elsewhere .…”